Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, Third Edition

It has been more than ten years since the last edition of the bestselling Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs. In that time, lake and reservoir management and restoration technologies have evolved and an enhanced version of this standard resource is long overdue. Completely revised and updated, the third edition continues the tradition of providing comprehensive coverage of the chemical, physical, and biological processes of eutrophication and its control. The authors describe the eutrophication process, outline methods for developing a pre-management and restoration diagnosis-feasibility study, and provide detailed descriptions of scientifically sound management and restoration methods. See what’s new in the Third Edition: • New chapters on aquatic plant ecology and management • Emphasis on freshwater availability • A regional framework for water quality attainment • Methods of lake and reservoir restoration and management • Updates or revisions to all other chapters The book features in-depth discussions of techniques used to manage eutrophication in standing water bodies, procedures for using these techniques, the principles involved, and successes and failures through a selection of case studies and cost analyses. Each chapter includes an introduction to the scientific basis of the problem, a description of the methods and procedures, and presents several case histories. Potential negative impacts and costs, where known, are described. A useful classroom text, reference manual, and general guide, this is the text against which all other resources in this field are measured. Front cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 6 BOOK COVER Photo CREDITS......Page 8 Authors......Page 10 Contents......Page 12 Overview......Page 22 1.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and the Quantity of Fresh Water......Page 24 1.2 Status of Fresh Water in the United States......Page 28 1.3 Sources of Lake and Reservoir Problems......Page 32 1.4 Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 34 1.5 History of Lake Restoration and Management......Page 36 References......Page 38 2.2 Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 44 2.3.1 Physical-Chemical Limnology......Page 47 2.4 Biological Limnology......Page 49 2.5 Limiting Factors......Page 51 2.6 The Eutrophication Process......Page 52 2.7 Characteristics of Shallow and Deep Lakes......Page 54 2.8 Ecoregions and Attainable Lake Conditions......Page 55 References......Page 62 3.2.1 Watershed......Page 68 3.2.2 In-Lake......Page 74 3.2.3 Data Evaluation......Page 78 3.2.3.1 Example 1......Page 91 3.2.3.2 Example 2......Page 92 3.3.3.2 P Inactivation......Page 94 3.3.4 Macrophyte Problems......Page 95 3.3.4.6 Hypolimnetic Aeration......Page 96 3.5 Guidelines for Choosing Lake Restoration Alternatives......Page 97 3.6 The Lake Improvement Restoration Plan......Page 99 References......Page 101 Algal Biomass Control Techniques Directed toward Control of Plankton Algae......Page 108 References......Page 109 4.1 General......Page 110 4.2 Techniques for Reducing External Nutrient Loads......Page 111 4.3 Recovery of World Lakes......Page 112 4.4 Lake Washington, Washington......Page 116 4.5 Lake Sammamish, Washington......Page 119 4.6 Lake Norrviken, Sweden......Page 121 4.7 Shagawa Lake, Minnesota......Page 122 4.8 Madison Lakes, Wisconsin......Page 124 4.8 Lake Zürich, Switzerland......Page 125 4.9 Lake Søbygaard, Denmark......Page 126 4.10 Costs......Page 127 4.11 In-Lake Treatment Following Diversion......Page 128 4.12 Summary......Page 129 References......Page 130 5.1 Introduction......Page 134 5.2 In-Stream Phosphorus Removal......Page 135 5.3 non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Introduction......Page 137 5.4 non-point Source Controls: Manure Management......Page 140 5.5.2 Dry And Wet Extended Detention (ED) Ponds......Page 143 5.5.3 Constructed Wetlands......Page 145 5.6 Constructed Wetlands: Case Histories......Page 148 5.7 Pre-Dams......Page 151 5.8 Riparian Zone Rehabilitation: Introduction......Page 152 5.9 Riparian Zone Rehabilitaton Methods......Page 153 5.10 Reservoir Shoreline Rehabilitation......Page 156 5.11 Lakeshore Rehabilitation......Page 158 References......Page 161 6.1 Introduction......Page 170 6.2 Theory and Predictions......Page 171 6.3 Case Studies......Page 172 6.3.1 Moses Lake......Page 173 6.3.2 Green Lake......Page 179 6.3.3 Lake Veluwe......Page 181 6.4 Summary: Effects, Applications, and Precautions......Page 182 References......Page 183 7.1 Introduction......Page 186 7.2.1 General Trends......Page 188 7.2.1.2 Austrian Lakes......Page 191 7.2.1.3 U.S. Lakes......Page 192 7.2.1.4 Canada......Page 193 7.5 Summary......Page 194 References......Page 195 8.1 Introduction......Page 198 8.2.1 Aluminum......Page 199 8.2.2 Iron and Calcium......Page 201 8.3.1 Aluminum......Page 203 8.3.3 Application Techniques for Alum......Page 212 8.4.2 Stratified Lake Cases......Page 216 8.4.2.1 Mirror and Shadow Lakes, Wisconsin (WI)......Page 221 8.4.2.2 West Twin Lake (WTL), Ohio......Page 222 8.4.2.3 Kezar Lake, New Hampshire......Page 224 8.4.2.4 Lake Morey, Vermont......Page 225 8.4.3 Shallow, Unstratified Lake Cases......Page 227 8.4.3.1 Long Lake, Kitsap County, Washington......Page 229 8.4.3.2 Campbell and Erie Lakes, Washington......Page 230 8.4.3.3 Green Lake, Washington......Page 231 8.4.5 Ponds......Page 232 8.4.6 Iron Applications......Page 233 8.4.7 Calcium Applications to Hardwater Lakes......Page 234 8.5 Problems that Limit Effectiveness of P Inactivation......Page 236 8.6 Negative Aspects......Page 237 8.8 Sediment Oxidation......Page 245 8.8.2 Lake Response......Page 246 8.8.4 Prospectus......Page 249 References......Page 251 9.2 Trophic Cascade......Page 260 9.3 Basic Trophic Cascade Research......Page 264 9.4 Biomanipulation......Page 265 9.5 Shallow Lakes......Page 266 9.6.1 Cockshoot Broad (UK)......Page 268 9.6.2 Lake Zwemlust (and Other Dutch Lakes)......Page 269 9.6.4 Lake Christina, Minnesota......Page 271 9.7.1 Lake Mendota, Wisconsin......Page 273 9.7.2 Bautzen Reservoir And Grafenheim Experimental Lakes (Germany)......Page 274 9.9 Summary and Conclusions......Page 276 References......Page 277 10.2 Principle of Copper Sulfate Applications......Page 284 10.3 Application Guidelines......Page 286 10.4 Effectiveness of Copper Sulfate......Page 287 10.5 Negative Effects of Copper Sulfate......Page 288 10.6 Costs of Copper Sulfate......Page 290 References......Page 291 Macrophyte Biomass Control......Page 294 11.2 Planning and Monitoring for Aquatic Plant Management......Page 296 11.2.1 Case Study: White River Lake Aquatic Plant Management Plan......Page 297 11.3 Species and Life-Form Considerations......Page 301 11.4.1 Light......Page 302 11.4.2 Nutrients......Page 303 11.4.3 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH, and Oxygen (O2)......Page 304 11.4.5 Temperature......Page 305 11.6 Resource Allocation and Phenology......Page 306 11.7 Reproduction and Survival Strategies......Page 307 11.8 Relationships with Other Organisms......Page 308 11.9 The Effects of Macrophytes on Their Environment......Page 310 References......Page 312 12.1 Introduction......Page 316 12.2 The “Do Nothing” Approach......Page 317 12.2.1 Case history: Lake Wingra, “Doing Nothing”......Page 318 12.3 The Habitat Alteration Approach......Page 319 12.3.1.1 Long and Big Green Lakes: Heavily Used Recreational Lakes in Southeastern Wisconsin......Page 320 12.3.1.2 Active Habitat Manipulation: Engineering and Biomanipulation Case Studies......Page 321 12.4 Aquascaping......Page 328 12.5 The Founder Colony: A Reasonable Restoration Approach......Page 336 12.5.1.1 Founder Colonies in North Lake, Lake Lewisville, and Lake Conroe, Texas and Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama......Page 337 12.5.1.3 Rice Lake at Milltown, Wisconsin: Lessons Learned......Page 338 References......Page 342 13.2 Methods......Page 346 13.3 Positive and Negative Factors of Water Level Drawdown......Page 351 13.4.1 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoirs......Page 353 13.4.3 Florida......Page 354 13.4.4 Wisconsin......Page 355 13.6 Case Histories......Page 358 References......Page 360 14.2 Preventive Approaches......Page 364 14.2.1 The Probabilities of Invasion......Page 365 14.2.3 Barriers and Sanitation......Page 367 14.3 Manual Methods and Soft Technologies......Page 369 14.4.1 The Materials Handling Problem......Page 370 14.4.2 Machinery and Equipment......Page 371 14.4.3.1 Case Study: Water chestnut (Trapa natans) Management in New York, Maryland, and Vermont......Page 373 14.4.3.3 Case Study: Deep Cutting, Fish Lake, Wisconsin......Page 374 14.4.4.1 Efficacy, Regrowth, and Change in Community Structure......Page 376 14.4.4.2 The Nutrient Removal Question......Page 379 14.4.4.3 Environmental Effects......Page 383 14.4.5 Shredding and Crushing......Page 386 14.4.6 Diver-Operated Suction Dredges......Page 387 14.4.8 Weed Rollers: Automated, Untended Aquatic Plant Control Devices......Page 388 14.4.9 Mechanical Derooting......Page 389 14.4.10 Costs and Productivity......Page 390 14.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 395 References......Page 396 15.2.1 Polyethylene......Page 402 15.2.2 Polypropylene......Page 403 15.2.4 Burlap......Page 404 15.4 Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers......Page 405 References......Page 406 16.2 Effective Concentration - Dose, Time Considerations, Active Ingredients, Site-Specific Factors, and Herbicide Formulation......Page 408 16.3 Types of Chemicals......Page 409 16.3.1 Contact vs. Systemic......Page 410 16.3.5 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)......Page 411 16.4 Increasing Herbicide Selectivity......Page 412 16.5.1 Herbicide Fate in the Environment......Page 414 16.5.2 Toxic Effects......Page 415 16.5.2.1 Direct Effects......Page 416 16.5.2.2 Indirect Impacts......Page 418 16.6 Ways of Minimizing Environmental Risks......Page 420 16.7.1.1 Minnesota Experiences......Page 422 16.7.1.2 Wisconsin Experiences - Potters and Random Lakes......Page 425 16.7.1.3 Michigan Experiences......Page 427 16.7.1.4 Vermont Experiences - Lake Hortonia and Burr Pond......Page 430 16.7.2.1 Cayuga Lake......Page 433 16.7.2.2 Loon Lake......Page 435 16.7.3.1 Pend Oreille River......Page 436 16.7.3.2 Lake Minnetonka......Page 438 16.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 439 References......Page 441 17.1 Introduction......Page 446 17.2 Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)......Page 447 17.3 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)......Page 448 17.4 Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)......Page 450 17.5 Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)......Page 451 17.6.1 History and Restrictions......Page 454 17.6.2 Biology of Grass Carp......Page 455 17.6.3 Reproduction of Grass Carp......Page 456 17.6.4 Stocking Rates......Page 459 17.6.5.1 Deer Point Lake, Florida......Page 461 17.6.5.3 Lake Conroe, Texas......Page 463 17.6.6 Water Quality Changes......Page 464 17.7 Other Phytophagous Fish......Page 466 17.8.2 Water hyacinth......Page 467 17.8.5 Allelopathic Substances......Page 468 17.8.8 Reducing Algae Growth with Bacteria......Page 469 References......Page 470 Multiple Benefit Treatments......Page 478 18.2 Description and Operation of Units......Page 480 18.3 Unit Sizing......Page 485 18.4 Beneficial Effects and Limitations......Page 486 18.7 Summary......Page 491 References......Page 492 19.2 Devices and Air Quantities......Page 496 19.3.2 Nutrients......Page 504 19.3.3 Physical Control of Phytoplankton Biomass......Page 505 19.3.4 Effects on Phytoplankton Composition......Page 509 19.4 Effects of Circulation on Trophic Indicators......Page 511 19.6 Costs......Page 515 REFERENCES......Page 517 20.2.2 Nutrient Control......Page 524 20.2.4 Rooted Macrophyte Control......Page 525 20.3.1 In-Lake Concerns......Page 526 20.3.2 Disposal Area Concerns......Page 527 20.4 Sediment Removal Depth......Page 528 20.5 Sediment Removal Techniques......Page 529 20.5.2 Hydraulic Dredges......Page 530 20.5.3 Special-Purpose Dredges......Page 534 20.6 Suitable Lake Conditions......Page 535 20.7 Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design......Page 537 20.7.1.1 Plan to Optimize the Available Disposal Area......Page 538 20.7.1.2 Analyze the Production Capacity of Available Dredging Equipment......Page 539 20.7.1.4 Determine the Required Head Discharge Characteristics of the Main Pump When Pumping Material with the Specific Gravity of Lake Sediment (Approximately 1.20)......Page 541 20.7.1.5 Determine Minimum Head Conditions When Pumping to the Nearest Disposal Area......Page 549 20.7.1.6 Analyze Booster Pump Requirements for Pumping to Distances Beyond the Capacity of the Main Pump......Page 550 20.7.2.1 Flocculent Settling Procedure......Page 556 20.7.2.2 Zone/Compression Settling Test Procedure......Page 557 20.7.2.3 Design Procedures......Page 558 20.8 Case Studies......Page 564 20.8.1 Lake Trummen, Sweden......Page 565 20.8.2.1 Initial Diagnosis and Results......Page 569 20.8.2.2 Long-Term Effects......Page 571 20.8.2.3 Other WDNR Dredging Experiences......Page 574 20.8.3 Lake Springfield, Illinois......Page 575 20.8.3.1 Sediment Removal Guidelines......Page 576 20.8.3.2 Sediment Removal Techniques and Disposal Site Selection......Page 577 20.8.3.3 Permits......Page 578 20.8.3.5 Sediment Removal......Page 579 20.8.4 Lake Järnsjön, Sweden......Page 580 20.9 Costs......Page 583 References......Page 588 a......Page 596 c......Page 597 e......Page 599 g......Page 600 i......Page 601 l......Page 602 m......Page 605 o......Page 606 p......Page 607 r......Page 608 s......Page 609 t......Page 610 w......Page 611 z......Page 612 It Has Been More Than Ten Years Since The Last Edition Of The Bestselling Restoration And Management Of Lakes And Reservoirs. In That Time, Lake And Reservoir Management And Restoration Technologies Have Evolved And An Enhanced Version Of This Standard Resource Is Long Overdue. Completely Revised And Updated, The Third Edition Continues The Tradition Of Providing Comprehensive Coverage Of The Chemical, Physical, And Biological Processes Of Eutrophication And Its Control. The Authors Describe The Eutrophication Process, Outline Methods For Developing A Pre-management And Restoration Diagnosis-feasibility Study, And Provide Detailed Descriptions Of Scientifically Sound Management And Restoration Methods.--jacket. Computer Generated Contents: Chapt. 1. Introduction -- Chapt. 2. Basic Limnology -- Chapt. 3. Lake And Reservoir Diagnosis And Evaluation -- Chapt. 4. Lake And Reservoir Response To Diversion And Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- Chapt. 5. Lake And Reservoir Protection From Non-point Pollution -- Chapt. 6. Dilution And Flushing -- Chapt. 7. Hypolimnetic Withdrawal -- Chapt. 8. Phosphorus Inactivation And Sediment Oxidation -- Chapt. 9. Biomanipulation -- Chapt. 10. Copper Sulfate -- Chapt. 11. Macrophyte Ecology And Lake Management -- Chapt. 12. Plant Community Restoration -- Chapt. 13. Water Level Drawdown -- Chapt. 14. Preventive, Manual, And Mechanical Methods -- Chapt. 15. Sediment Covers And Surface Shading For Macrophyte Control -- Chapt. 16. Chemical Controls -- Chapt. 17. Phytophagous Insects, Fish, And Other Biological Controls -- Chapt. 18. Hypolimnetic Aeration And Oxygenation -- Chapt. 19. Artificial Circulation -- Chapt. 20. Sediment Removal. Edited By G. Dennis Cooke ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.