RESPONDING TO HATE CRIME : THE CASE FOR CONNECTING POLICY AND RESEARCH; ED. BY NEIL CHAKRABORTI

Why has so much hate crime policy seemingly ignored academic research? And why has so much research been conducted without reference to policy? This book bridges the gap between research and policy by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of scholarship, policy and activism. It provides new perspectives on the nature of hate crime victimisation and perpetration, and considers an extensive range of themes, challenges and solutions which have previously been un- or under-explored. In doing so, the book offers innovative ways of combating and preventing hate crime that combine cutting-edge research with the latest in professional innovations. Essential reading for students, academics and practitioners working across a range of disciplines including criminology, sociology and social policy, Responding to Hate Crime makes a clear and compelling case for closer and more constructive partnerships between scholars and policy makers. RESPONDING TO HATE CRIME Contents Acknowledgements About the contributors Introduction and overview Signs of progress Faultlines between scholarship and policy About the book Part One: Working together: developing shared perspectives 1. The adventures of an accidental academic in ‘policy-land’: a personal reflection on bridging academia, policing and government in a hate crime context Stephen Lawrence, Sir William Macpherson and an ‘accidental’ academic Lessons learned from the ‘two worlds’ of criminology and policy making Concluding comments 2. Academia from a practitioner’s perspective: a reflection on the changes in the relationship between academia, policing and government in a hate crime context Introduction The murder of Stephen Lawrence 1999 – the year that everything began to change The response in Staffordshire Police leadership Cross-Government Hate Crime Programme Academia and the links to central policy Defining hate crime Integration of academics into the policy process Conclusion 3. Reshaping hate crime policy and practice: lessons from a grassroots campaign Introduction Conclusion 4. Not getting away with it: linking sex work and hate crime in Merseyside Introduction Sex worker victimisation: under-reporting, criminalisation and safety Connecting sex worker victimisation, ‘othering’ and hate crime Development and key strands of Merseyside’s sex work and hate crime approach Sex worker and police views: perceived vulnerability and targeted victimisation Conclusion 5. Evidencing the case for ‘hate crime’ Introduction The hate crime evidence gap in international focus International and national constructions of ‘hate crime’ Towards a fuller international conceptualisation of hate crime: a role for academia OSCE work on data collection guidance Conclusions: ways forward in international conceptions of hate crime Part Two: Researching key issues: emerging themes and challenges 6. Working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities to shape hate crime policy Introduction Recognising and responding to LGB&T hate crime Collaborative approaches to reducing hate crime Accountability in responding to victimisation Conclusion: enhancing interaction 7. Using a ‘layers of influence’ model to understand the interaction of research, policy and practice in relation to disablist hate crime Introduction A ‘layers of influence model’ The model in action Conclusion 8. Responding to the needs of victims of Islamophobia Introduction Islamophobia and its impact on victims Contemporary support services Effectiveness of contemporary practices Is there a silver lining? 9. Controlling the new far right on the streets: policing the English Defence League in policy and praxis Introduction Policing the EDL How can the EDL best be policed? Conclusion 10. Developing themes on young people, everyday multiculturalism and hate crime Introduction Conducting a study in a ‘multicultural utopia’ Young people, multiculturalism and prejudice Everyday multiculturalism and hate crime Developing themes to address fear, ignorance and frustration Conclusion 11. Hate crimes against students: recent developments in research, policy and practice Introduction Policy divergence Fit for purpose? A ‘town and gown’ model of hate crime Exploring campus-based incidents Conclusion 12. We need to talk about women: examining the place of gender in hate crime policy Introduction Gender and hate crime policy Considering gender Conclusion Part Three: Challenging prejudice: combating hate offending 13. Courage in the Face of Hate: a curricular resource for confronting anti-LGBTQ violence Introduction The contexts for anti-LGBTQ violence Goals of Courage in the Face of Hate The research Conclusion 14. Policing prejudice motivated crime: a research case study Introduction Hate crime policing policy in Australia Challenges of implementing the PMC strategy Using PMC scholarship to inform implementation Implications of scholarship for policing: PMC ‘alerts’ Conclusion 15. Policing hate against Gypsies and Travellers: dealing with the dark side Defining hate crime and managing prejudice Gypsies and Travellers: race and culture Accommodation and victimisation Hate victimisation of Gypsies and Travellers Policing hate against Gypsies and Travellers Conclusion 16. Understanding how ‘hate’ hurts: a case study of working with offenders and potential offenders How ‘hate’ hurts Applying understanding about the harms of ‘hate crime’ in redemptive interventions with offenders Understanding the harms of ‘hate crime’ for preventative interventions with potential offenders Conclusion: healing the hurts of ‘hate crime’ 17.Restorative approaches to working with hate crime offenders Introduction Part I: What is restorative justice? Part II: Engendering tolerance of ‘difference’: the importance of empathy Overcoming cultural and communicational barriers to empathy Part III: Challenging prejudice Part IV: Protecting victims Conclusion Clouds on the horizon Key challenges in the contemporary ‘hate debate’ Conclusion: the case for connecting policy and research Notes Index The policy makers that govern responses to hate crimes and the institutions that research those crimes have up to this point been separate: policy makers have not taken research into consideration, and researchers have conducted their studies with little reference to policies. This book seeks to bridge the gap between the two by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of academia, policy making, and activism. The contributors provide new perspectives on the nature of hate crimes, their victims, and their perpetrators, exploring a range of themes, challenges, and solutions that have otherwise received little attention Why has so much hate crime policy seemingly ignored academic research? And why has so much of this research been conducted inside of its own separate academic bubble? This book addresses those questions by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of scholarship, policy and activism. It provides new perspectives on the nature of hate crime victimisation and perpetration, and considers an extensive range of themes, challenges and solutions which have hitherto been un- or under-explored