RESPONDING TO HATE CRIME : THE CASE FOR CONNECTING POLICY AND RESEARCH; ED. BY NEIL CHAKRABORTI

Why has so much hate crime policy seemingly ignored academic research? And why has so much research been conducted without reference to policy? This book bridges the gap between research and policy by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of scholarship, policy and activism. It provides new perspectives on the nature of hate crime victimisation and perpetration, and considers an extensive range of themes, challenges and solutions which have previously been un- or under-explored. In doing so, the book offers innovative ways of combating and preventing hate crime that combine cutting-edge research with the latest in professional innovations. Essential reading for students, academics and practitioners working across a range of disciplines including criminology, sociology and social policy, Responding to Hate Crime makes a clear and compelling case for closer and more constructive partnerships between scholars and policy makers. RESPONDING TO HATE CRIME 2 Contents 6 Acknowledgements 8 About the contributors 9 Introduction and overview 18 Signs of progress 18 Faultlines between scholarship and policy 19 About the book 21 Part One: Working together: developing shared perspectives 28 1. The adventures of an accidental academic in ‘policy-land’: a personal reflection on bridging academia, policing and government in a hate crime context 30 Stephen Lawrence, Sir William Macpherson and an ‘accidental’ academic 30 Lessons learned from the ‘two worlds’ of criminology and policy making 38 Concluding comments 42 2. Academia from a practitioner’s perspective: a reflection on the changes in the relationship between academia, policing and government in a hate crime context 44 Introduction 44 The murder of Stephen Lawrence 45 1999 – the year that everything began to change 46 The response in Staffordshire 47 Police leadership 49 Cross-Government Hate Crime Programme 50 Academia and the links to central policy 51 Defining hate crime 52 Integration of academics into the policy process 53 Conclusion 54 3. Reshaping hate crime policy and practice: lessons from a grassroots campaign 56 Introduction 56 Conclusion 69 4. Not getting away with it: linking sex work and hate crime in Merseyside 72 Introduction 72 Sex worker victimisation: under-reporting, criminalisation and safety 73 Connecting sex worker victimisation, ‘othering’ and hate crime 74 Development and key strands of Merseyside’s sex work and hate crime approach 76 Sex worker and police views: perceived vulnerability and targeted victimisation 79 Conclusion 82 5. Evidencing the case for ‘hate crime’ 88 Introduction 88 The hate crime evidence gap in international focus 89 International and national constructions of ‘hate crime’ 90 Towards a fuller international conceptualisation of hate crime: a role for academia 91 OSCE work on data collection guidance 95 Conclusions: ways forward in international conceptions of hate crime 97 Part Two: Researching key issues: emerging themes and challenges 102 6. Working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities to shape hate crime policy 104 Introduction 104 Recognising and responding to LGB&T hate crime 105 Collaborative approaches to reducing hate crime 107 Accountability in responding to victimisation 110 Conclusion: enhancing interaction 112 7. Using a ‘layers of influence’ model to understand the interaction of research, policy and practice in relation to disablist hate crime 116 Introduction 116 A ‘layers of influence model’ 117 The model in action 118 Conclusion 124 8. Responding to the needs of victims of Islamophobia 130 Introduction 130 Islamophobia and its impact on victims 132 Contemporary support services 134 Effectiveness of contemporary practices 136 Is there a silver lining? 138 9. Controlling the new far right on the streets: policing the English Defence League in policy and praxis 144 Introduction 144 Policing the EDL 147 How can the EDL best be policed? 150 Conclusion 153 10. Developing themes on young people, everyday multiculturalism and hate crime 158 Introduction 158 Conducting a study in a ‘multicultural utopia’ 159 Young people, multiculturalism and prejudice 161 Everyday multiculturalism and hate crime 164 Developing themes to address fear, ignorance and frustration 165 Conclusion 168 11. Hate crimes against students: recent developments in research, policy and practice 172 Introduction 172 Policy divergence 173 Fit for purpose? A ‘town and gown’ model of hate crime 177 Exploring campus-based incidents 178 Conclusion 181 12. We need to talk about women: examining the place of gender in hate crime policy 186 Introduction 186 Gender and hate crime policy 188 Considering gender 190 Conclusion 195 Part Three: Challenging prejudice: combating hate offending 200 13. Courage in the Face of Hate: a curricular resource for confronting anti-LGBTQ violence 202 Introduction 202 The contexts for anti-LGBTQ violence 203 Goals of Courage in the Face of Hate 204 The research 205 Conclusion 213 14. Policing prejudice motivated crime: a research case study 216 Introduction 216 Hate crime policing policy in Australia 217 Challenges of implementing the PMC strategy 220 Using PMC scholarship to inform implementation 223 Implications of scholarship for policing: PMC ‘alerts’ 224 Conclusion 228 15. Policing hate against Gypsies and Travellers: dealing with the dark side 232 Defining hate crime and managing prejudice 232 Gypsies and Travellers: race and culture 234 Accommodation and victimisation 235 Hate victimisation of Gypsies and Travellers 237 Policing hate against Gypsies and Travellers 240 Conclusion 242 16. Understanding how ‘hate’ hurts: a case study of working with offenders and potential offenders 248 How ‘hate’ hurts 249 Applying understanding about the harms of ‘hate crime’ in redemptive interventions with offenders 251 Understanding the harms of ‘hate crime’ for preventative interventions with potential offenders 255 Conclusion: healing the hurts of ‘hate crime’ 257 17.Restorative approaches to working with hate crime offenders 260 Introduction 260 Part I: What is restorative justice? 261 Part II: Engendering tolerance of ‘difference’: the importance of empathy 262 Overcoming cultural and communicational barriers to empathy 264 Part III: Challenging prejudice 265 Part IV: Protecting victims 269 Conclusion 271 Clouds on the horizon 276 Key challenges in the contemporary ‘hate debate’ 278 Conclusion: the case for connecting policy and research 282 Notes 286 Index 292 Introduction and Overview ~ Neil Chakraborti; Part One: Working Together: Developing Shared Perspectives; The adventures of an accidental academic in ‘policy-land’: a personal reflection on bridging academia, policing and government in a hate crime context ~ Nathan Hall; Academia from a practitioner’s perspective: a reflection on the changes in the relationship between academia, policing and government in a hate crime context ~ Paul Giannasi; Reshaping hate crime policy and practice: lessons from a grassroots campaign ~ an interview with Sylvia Lancaster, founder of the Sophie Lancaster Foundation; Not getting away with it: linking sex work and hate crime in Merseyside ~ Rosie Campbell; Evidencing the case for hate crime ~ Joanna Perry; Part Two: Researching Key Issues: Emerging Themes and Challenges; Working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities to shape hate crime policy ~ Marian Duggan; Using a ‘layers of influence’ model to understand the interaction of research, policy and practice in relation to disablist hate crime ~ Chih Hoong Sin; Responding to the needs of victims of Islamophobia ~ Irene Zempi; Controlling the new far right on the streets: policing the English Defence League in policy and praxis ~ James Treadwell; Developing themes on young people, everyday multiculturalism and hate crime ~ Stevie-Jade Hardy; Hate crime against students: recent developments in research, policy and practice ~ Lucy Michael; We need to talk about women: examining the place of gender in hate crime policy ~ Hannah Mason-Bish; Part Three: Challenging Prejudice: Combating Hate Offending; Courage in the Face of Hate: a curricular resource for confronting anti-LGBTQ violence ~ Barbara Perry and D. Ryan Dyck; Policing prejudice motivated crime: a research case study ~ Gail Mason, Jude McCulloch and JaneMaree Maher; Policing hate against Gypsies and Travellers: dealing with the dark side ~ Zoë James; Understanding how 'hate' hurts: a case study of working with offenders and potential offenders ~ Paul Iganski, with Karen Ainsworth, Laura Geraghty, Spyridoula Lagou, and Nafysa Patel; Restorative approaches to working with hate crime offenders ~ Mark Austin Walters; Conclusions ~ Jon Garland. The policy makers that govern responses to hate crimes and the institutions that research those crimes have up to this point been separate: policy makers have not taken research into consideration, and researchers have conducted their studies with little reference to policies. This book seeks to bridge the gap between the two by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of academia, policy making, and activism. The contributors provide new perspectives on the nature of hate crimes, their victims, and their perpetrators, exploring a range of themes, challenges, and solutions that have otherwise received little attention Why has so much hate crime policy seemingly ignored academic research? And why has so much of this research been conducted inside of its own separate academic bubble? This book addresses those questions by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of scholarship, policy and activism. It provides new perspectives on the nature of hate crime victimisation and perpetration, and considers an extensive range of themes, challenges and solutions which have hitherto been un- or under-explored