Resilient states from a comparative regional perspective : Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia

Organizations such as ASEAN and EU were formed to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural development among their members. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the transformation which the newest members of ASEAN (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Laos) and the newest members of EU (ten new Members from Baltic, Central and Eastern Balkan regions) have experienced during the last two decades (1990 2010). It throws light on the different social, economic and political causes which support these historical changes. Emerging markets such as the Mekong region and Central Europe where new forms of capitalism are flourishing have been captured in this book. Their policies in privatization, regionalization, industrial growth that support a new and deregulated form of capitalism have been mentioned in detail. The author stresses upon the capacity and strengths of these two hitherto "weak states" to face worldwide and regional challenges. Readership: Undergraduates and postgraduates in economics, political science and public policy; international agencies; government departments and think-tank bodies; policy makers; academic researchers. CONTENTS 6 About the Author 12 Introduction 14 1. Fallacious Arguments Against Comparison 16 1.1. Better arguments in favor of comparing 19 2. Book Outline 25 2.1. Part I 27 2.2. Part II 27 2.3. Part III 29 Part I: Introduction — The Destruction of Historical States 30 Chapter 1: History and Geography Matter — But for What Kind of Legacies? 32 1.1. Lack of Territorial Continuity and Borders: Lack of Sovereign States 34 1.2. Territorial Imbalances: Inter- and Intra-regional Disparities 38 1.2.1. Disparities between member states and within both regions 39 1.2.2. Capital cities versus surrounding regions 40 1.2.3. Poverty 42 1.3. Social Structures: Intermediaries and Minorities 46 1.3.1. Active minorities 49 1.3.2. Roms: The combination of territorialization, poverty and political extremism 54 1.4. Conclusion 55 Chapter 2: Defining a State in Transition 60 2.1. Bureaucracies and Political Economies 62 2.2. Economic Dependency 69 2.3. Regionalism and Regionalization 73 2.4. Conclusion 77 Part I: Conclusion — Clusters of Modernized States in Southeast Asia and CEE 82 1. Southeast Asia 83 2. Central and Eastern Europe 86 Part II: Introduction — Coherence of the Public Policies: Privatization, Regionalization, Industrial Relations 90 Introduction 90 Chapter 3: Transforming Economies: From Planned Economies to More Legal Rules or Towards Nomenklatura Capitalism? 96 3.1. The Theoretical Framework 98 3.1.1. Political and economic dimensions of corruption 99 3.1.2. Infant, father, client and boss: Patronage and neo-patrimonalism 101 3.2. The European Transition Period 103 3.2.1. “Red privatization” 104 3.2.2. Domestic transformation in CEE: Privatization policy 106 3.2.3. The role of the EU in extending corruption 110 3.3. Southeast Asian Political Economies, Liberalized Economies and Open Regionalism 113 3.3.1. A theory of change 113 3.3.2. “Nomenklatura capitalism” 115 3.3.3. Singapore, the exceptional case: Rule by law and nomenklatura capitalism 118 3.4. Comparing CEE with Southeast Asia: From the Corruption to the Rule 121 3.4.1. Rule of law, rule by law 123 3.5. Conclusion 126 Chapter 4: Transforming Polities: States, Regions and Administrations 128 4.1. Regionalization from a Comparative Perspective: Conditions for Reform and a Comparison of CEE and Southeast Asia 130 4.1.1. Varieties of EU regionalization 130 4.1.2. Southeast Asia 138 4.2. Cultural, Political and Economic Regionalism: Further Comparison of EU and Asian Peculiarities 139 4.2.1. The minorities: A delicate balance 141 4.2.2. The “administrative reform”: The Asian and Balkan examples 144 4.2.3. Cambodia 146 4.2.4. The “decentralization reform”: A rare EU reform 148 4.2.5. Poland 148 4.3. Conclusion: Comparing Both Areas 149 Chapter 5: Managing Firms by Flexibility: The Lack of Industrial Relations 154 5.1. Globalization and Flexibility 156 5.1.1. Management through flexibility 159 5.1.2. Gender issues 163 5.2. International Rules and Legal Obstacles 166 5.3. Conclusion: Comparing Both Areas 172 Part II: Conclusion 176 PART III: Introduction — EU and ASEAN Enlarged and Globalized Regions 180 Chapter 6: The EU and ASEAN: Cohesion Policy and Export-Oriented Agreements 184 6.1. The EU Cohesion Policy 188 6.1.1. A vision of development: Efficiency and equity 188 6.1.2. A hard public debate 192 6.1.3. Strategy, objectives and tools of development 195 6.2. ASEAN: Cooperation, No Binding Rules and Step-by-Step Construction 200 6.2.1. ASEAN: A loose regional ensemble 201 6.2.2. Political changes and world-wide economic evolution 203 6.2.3. World-wide evolution and progressive construction: Economic exchanges and arenas 204 6.2.4. Step-by-step regional integration? 207 6.3. Comparing Both Regional Areas 209 6.3.1. Regional policy and pro-poor program: The initiative for Asian integration (IAI) 211 6.4. Conclusion 213 Chapter 7: State, Sub-State Designs and Cross-Border Cooperation 216 7.1. EU Cross and Trans-Border Cooperation 219 7.1.1. The initial model: La Grande region 219 7.1.2. The Euro-region 222 7.2. Beyond Enlargement Policy: Stabilizing Unsecured Borders with the ENP 227 7.2.1. “No institutions” 228 7.3. The Macro-regions 231 7.3.1. “3 nos”: No new institutions, no new rules, no new funds 233 7.4. Obstacles and Limits Provisional Conclusion 235 7.5. Southeast Asia, from Coastal Regions to the Interior 235 7.5.1. Growth poles and special economic zones 237 7.5.2. The case of SIJORI, IMSGT: Reinforcement of the central states 240 7.5.3. History and geography matter 241 7.5.4. Asymmetric exchanges and reciprocal dependency 242 7.5.5. The case of GMS: States and a non-state actor 244 7.5.6. The 3 “Cs” 249 7.5.7. The special economic zones 250 7.6. Developing Dependencies 251 7.7. Comparison Between European and Southeastern Asian Schemes 253 7.7.1. Strategies 253 7.7.2. State aids and regional policies 254 7.7.3. Obstacles 258 7.7.4. Core and periphery: The “grey zones” at the local borders 260 7.8. Conclusion 262 Chapter 8: EU and ASEAN Enlargement: Enlarged Globalization Dynamics 264 8.1. Political Reasons for Enlargement 266 8.2. Beyond Economic Challenges 269 8.3. Political Challenges: Large Versus Small States 272 8.4. Lack of Hegemony 274 8.5. The End of a Dynamic? 276 8.5.1. The limits of western deepening 277 8.5.2. Agricultural policy 279 8.6. Comparing CEE and Southeast Asia 282 8.6.1. Beyond enlargement 283 8.7. Conclusion 285 Part III: Conclusion 286 General Conclusions: Types of Capitalism in Central Europe and in Southeast Asia 290 1. The Geopolitics of Capitalism 290 2. Hybrid Types of Capitalism 292 3. Political Capitalism: Clans, Families, Networks 294 4. Liberal Capitalism: Protectionism, Controlled Openness and Social Consensus 295 Bibliography 298 Index 320 Organizations such as ASEAN and EU were formed to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural development among their members. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the transformation which the newest members of ASEAN (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Laos) and the newest members of EU (ten new Members from Baltic, Central and Eastern Balkan regions) have experienced during the last two decades (1990-2010). It throws light on the different social, economic and political causes which support these historical changes. Emerging markets such as the Mekong region and Central Europe where new forms of capitalism are flourishing have been captured in this book. Their policies in privatization, regionalization, industrial growth that support a new and deregulated form of capitalism have been mentioned in detail. The author stresses upon the capacity and strengths of these two hitherto "weak states" to face worldwide and regional challenges -- Provided by Publisher