Resilient Design and Construction of Geostructures Against Natural Hazards: Proceedings of the 6th GeoChina International Conference on Civil and Transportation Infrastructures: from Engineering to Smart and Green Life Cycle Solutions -- Nanchang, China 2

This volume contains state of the engineering practice and recent research in the field of built infrastructure and natural hazards. It is expected that the book will help engineers and researchers to design and built resilient infrastructures in challenging conditions (e.g., earthquakes and climate change) while optimising the design and minimising the future maintenance cost. In particular new design and construction techniques with reference to major infrastructure projects such as tunneling and transport infrastructure are discussed. Introduction 6 Contents 7 About the Editors 9 Laboratory Evaluation and Neural Network Modeling of Treated Macau Marine Clay 11 1 Introduction 11 2 Materials and Laboratory Test 13 2.1 Preparation of Testing Materials 13 2.2 Laboratory Evaluation Test 14 3 Established Artificial Neural Network Embedded in MATLAB 14 3.1 Model for OMC and Maximum Dry Unit Weight 14 3.2 Model for Compressive Strength 15 4 Results and Discussion 16 4.1 Laboratory Test Results of Treated Marine Clay Blends 16 4.2 Prediction Results of Model for Estimating Compressive Strength 20 5 Conclusion 23 References 23 Prediction of Seismic Site Coefficients for Northeast Arkansas (NEA) 25 1 Introduction 25 2 Objectives 27 3 Methodology 27 3.1 Collection of Various Properties of Soil 28 3.2 Input Ground Motion Time Histories 30 3.3 Simulation of Wave Propagation Using Site Response Analysis Platform 34 3.4 Development of Delineated Design Spectrum 35 4 Results 36 4.1 Bay 36 4.2 Marked Tree 39 5 Discussion 42 6 Conclusions 44 References 45 Characterization and Computational Fluid Simulation of Conditioned Muck During EPB Shield Tunneling in Gravelly Sand Stratum 47 1 Introduction 47 2 Rheological Test of Foam-Conditioned Gravelly Sand 48 2.1 Soil Sample and Apparatus 48 2.2 Case Setting 50 2.3 Results 51 3 Modelling of Full Scale EPB Shield Machine 52 3.1 Geometric Model 52 3.2 Boundary Conditions 53 3.3 Validation 54 3.4 Muck Spatial Distribution Characteristics Inside Chamber 54 4 Conclusions 57 References 58 Estimating the Damage of Earthquake Using RADIUS Model (Case Study: Tehran) 59 1 Introduction 59 2 Case Study 62 3 RADIUS Model 63 4 Implementation 64 4.1 Regional Gridding 64 4.2 Determination of Soil Situation of the Region 65 4.3 Classification of Buildings in Studied Region 66 4.4 Determination of Damages Incurred to Vital Arteries 67 4.5 Determination of Seismic Scenario 68 5 Results and Discussion 69 6 Conclusion 71 References 72 Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Cemented Expansive Soil 73 1 Introduction 73 2 Laboratory Investigation 74 3 Results and Discussions 76 4 Conclusion 81 References 82 Progressive Growth of Calcium Carbonate During Microbially-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation from a Microscale Viewpoint 84 1 Introduction 84 2 Materials and Methods 85 2.1 Conceptual Microchip 85 2.2 Reaction Solutions 85 2.3 CaCO3 Precipitation and Visualization 85 2.4 Image Processing 86 3 Test Results and Discussion 86 3.1 Growth of Single Crystal 86 3.2 Growth of Aggregates 88 3.3 Potential Implications 90 4 Conclusions 90 References 91 Large Strain Consolidation with Time and Distance Dependent Boundary Conditions 92 1 Introduction 92 2 Model Description 93 3 Model Performance 96 4 Limitations 103 5 Conclusion 104 References 105 Preliminary Investigation on Overall Permeability of Granular Mixed Materials 107 1 Introduction 107 2 Experimental Method 108 2.1 Testing Equipment 108 2.2 Sample Preparation 109 2.3 Testing Procedures 111 2.4 Calculation Theory 111 3 Numerical Method 111 4 Results and Discussions 113 4.1 Traditional Model Analysis 113 4.2 Experimental Results 114 4.3 Numerical Results 115 5 Conclusions 117 References 117 Finite Element Analysis of Strain Localization in Natural Clay Using Elasto-Viscoplastic Constitutive Model 120 1 Introduction 120 2 Elasto-Viscoplastic Model and FEM Simulation 121 2.1 Elasto-Viscoplastic Model for Natural Clay 121 2.2 Simulation Program 122 3 Finite Element Simulation of Strain Localization in Natural Clay 124 3.1 Effects of Confining Pressure 124 3.2 Effects of Strain Rate 125 3.3 Mesh Dependency 126 4 Conclusions 127 References 128 Analysis of Calculated Subgrade Settlement in the Loess Area 130 1 Introduction 130 2 Settlement Calculation Due to Traffic Loading 131 3 Settlement Calculation Due to Partial Loess Saturation 134 4 Conclusions 138 References 138 Stress-Controlled Direct Shear Tests of Straw Fiber Reinforced Loess 140 1 Introduction 140 2 Materials and Methods 142 2.1 Testing Materials 142 2.2 Testing Apparatus and Methods 144 2.3 Testing Method Validation 147 3 Results 148 3.1 Shear Behaviour in Displacement-Controlled Direct Shear Tests 148 3.2 Baseline Shear Strength and Optimal Percentage of Waste Straw Inclusions 149 3.3 Shear Behaviour in Stress-Controlled Direct Shear Tests 154 4 Discussion 157 4.1 Effect of Agricultural Waste Straw Inclusions 157 4.2 Effect of Agricultural Waste Straw Content 160 4.3 Displacement-Controlled Direct Shear and Stress-Controlled Direct Shear Comparison 163 5 Conclusions 169 6 Data Availability 169 7 Conflicts of Interest 169 References 170 Enhancement of Expansive Soils with the Treatment of Lignosulfonate 173 1 Introduction 173 2 Materials Used and Methodology 174 2.1 Materials Used 174 2.2 Experimental Procedure 176 3 Results and Discussion 177 3.1 Effect of Lignosulfonate on Plasticity 177 3.2 Effect of Lignosulfonate on Swelling Property of Soil 179 3.3 Effect of LS on Consolidation Characteristics of Soils 180 3.4 Effect of Lignosulfonate on Shrinkage 182 3.5 Effect of LS on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soils 183 3.6 Optimum Dosage of LS 184 4 Conclusion 185 References 186 Author Index 188