Research and Innovation Forum 2021: Managing Continuity, Innovation, and Change in the Post-Covid World: Technology, Politics and Society (Springer Proceedings in Complexity)

This book features research presented and discussed during the Research and Innovation Forum (Rii Forum) 2021. The Covid-19 pandemic and its social, political, and economic implications had confirmed that a more thorough debate on these issues and topics was needed. For this reason, the Rii Forum 2021 was devoted to the broadly defined question of the short- and long-term impact of the pandemic on our societies. This volume serves as an essential resource to understand the diverse ways in which Covid-19 impacted our societies, including the capacity to innovate, advances in technology, the evolution of the healthcare systems, business model innovation, the prospects of growth, the stability of political systems, and the future of education. Preface Acknowledgments Organization Rii Forum 2021 Chairs Rii Forum 2021 Steering Committee Members Program Committee (in alphabetical order) Contents List of Contributors Covid-19, Advances in ICT and the Society 1 ICT and Social Value Co-Creation During the Covid-19 Emergency: The Case of MascherinAmica Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 The Role of ICT in Social Value Co-Creation 3 Methodology 3.1 Case Description 4 Findings 4.1 ICT and the Ecosystem’s Elements. 4.2 ICT-Fostered Social Value Co-Creation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References 2 Application of Machine Learning to Infer Symptoms and Risk Factors of Covid-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Covid-19 and Information Technologies Applied to its Diagnosis 2.1 Overview of Covid-19 2.2 Technology Applications in the Diagnosis of Disease 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Data Preparation and Processing 3.2 Performance Analysis 3.3 Classifying and Analyzing the Data 4 Case Study 5 Conclusion and Future Work References 3 How Does the Citizens’ Behavioral Intention to Use Digital Technology in Smart Cities Affect Their Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework 2.1 Behavioral Intention and Anxiety 2.2 The Moderating Role of PCLS 2.3 The Moderating Role of the Covid-19 Severity 3 Methods 3.1 Sample and Data Collection 3.2 Measurements 3.3 Reliability and Validity 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Correlation Analyses 4.2 Regression Analyses 5 Discussion 5.1 Theoretical Implications 5.2 Practical Implications 5.3 Limitations and Future Prospects References 4 The Role of Blockchain Technology During Covid-19 in the Healthcare Sector Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Blockchain Technology: A Brief Overview 2.2 Blockchain—Based Solution to Covid-19 3 Methodology 4 Application Cases of Blockchain Technology in Managing Covid-19 Outbreak 4.1 Contact Tracing and Supply Chain Management: American and China Initiative 4.2 A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Antigen Proof Certification 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusion and Implications References 5 Technology Impacts on Employee Engagement During Covid-19 Abstract 1 Covid-19 Drives Workplace Changes 2 Literature Review 2.1 Onboarding 2.2 Virtual Team Engagement 2.3 Technology Impact on Engagement 3 Proposed Conceptual Model 4 Future Research Propositions 5 Practical Implications 6 Limitations and Conflicts of Interest References 6 An Ethereum-Based Chain for Diagnosis and Control of Covid-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Previous Works 4 The Proposed Model 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References 7 Data-Driven Decisions for a Smarter and Resilient Healthcare Service Ecosystem Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Design 3 Theoretical Background 3.1 Smartness 3.2 Resilience 3.3 Service Ecosystem 4 Data-Driven Decision Issues in Healthcare Context 4.1 Data for a Smarter Healthcare System 4.2 Data for a Resilient Healthcare System 4.3 Data for Healthcare Service Ecosystem Well-Being 5 Illustration Cases and Discussion 6 Non-conclusive Considerations and Practical Implications References 8 A Mobile Application with Geolocation and Virtual Rewards for Promoting Social Skills in People with Social Disorders Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Approach and Platform Description 3.1 Real-Time Geolocation Service 3.2 Mobile Purse of Virtual Rewards 3.3 Activity Planning Agenda 4 Conclusions and Ongoing Works References 9 Recognition of Hygiene Activities by Means of Multimodal Sensors Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Approach and Case Study 3.1 Methane and Hydrogen Sensors to Detect Defecation 3.2 Inertial Sensor from Wristband Wearable Devices to Detect Washing Movements 3.3 Audio Ambiental Sensor to Detect Water Event 3.4 Humidity Sensor to Detect Showering 4 Conclusions and Ongoing Works Acknowledgements References 10 Improvement of a Sign Language Learning Reinforcement Tool Through Phonological Proximity Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Sign Language Learning Reinforcement Tool 3.1 Interface 3.2 Results 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements Funding References 11 Determining the Benefits and Drawbacks of Agile (Scrum) and DevOps in Addressing the Development Challenges of Cloud Applications Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Body of Work and Construction of the Hypotheses 2.1 Security, Privacy and Compliance Issues 2.2 Interaction with Third-Party Stakeholders and Collaboration Among Geographically Dispersed Teams 2.3 Lack of Standardization 2.4 Cost Management 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Description of the Case Study 3.2 Description of the Cloud Application Development Projects 4 Data Collection 5 Preliminary Data Analysis/Results 6 Conclusions References 12 A Double Blockchain-Based Consumption Model Using a Gamification Social Environment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Supply Chain: General Process, Main Issue and Covid-19 Impact 3 Blockchain 3.1 Basic Concept, Technology, Typologies 3.2 Smart Contract 4 Gamification as Consumers’ Engagement 4.1 Main Frameworks 5 Solution Proposal 5.1 Basic Ideas 5.2 Innovation Elements 5.3 Proposed Technologies 5.4 Results Expected 5.5 Conclusion References 13 Architecture Based on Machine Learning Techniques and Data Mining for Prediction of Indicators in the Diagnosis and Intervention of Autistic Spectrum Disorder Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Architecture Proposed 3 Experimentation 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Technology-Enhanced Teaching and Learning in Times of Covid-19 14 Monitoring Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Data Science Platforms for Teaching Analytics 3.1 The Orange Platform 3.2 The Knime Platform 3.3 The Weka Platform 3.4 The Rstudio Platform 4 The Case Study 4.1 The Distance Learning Platform 4.2 The Moodle Data Base 4.3 The ETL Module 4.4 The Knime Workflow 5 Discussion 5.1 First Research Question 5.2 Second Research Question 6 Conclusions and Future Work References 15 Intelligent Information and Communication Technology Innovation Management in Higher Education Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review of the Related Literature 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References 16 How to Cultivate Personal Learning and Professional Growth in Times of Disruption, Resistance and Collective Transformation Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Reactions and Feelings to the Pandemic Dilemma 2 Literature Review 2.1 Emergency Remote Teaching: How to Learn in Complexity 2.2 Personal and Professional Growth in Times of Uncertainty 3 Materials and methods 4 Emerging Findings 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 17 Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Education: A Case from a Military Academy Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature and Outline of E-learning Issues 3 E-learning at the Military University of Land Forces 3.1 Impact of Covid-19 at the Military University of Land Forces 3.2 Methodological Scope of Research 3.3 Research Results 4 Conclusions 5 Summary References 18 ICT Extra-curricular Activities: The “Digital Girls” Case Study for the Development of Human Capital Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Italian Efforts to Promote Gender Progression in STEM 3 The Digital Girls Summer Camp 4 Evidence of Impacts 4.1 School Source 4.2 University Choice 4.3 Social Context 5 Conclusions References 19 Digitization of Material Culture Resources and Its Impact on Poles’ Participation in “Cyberculture” During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 “Cultural Lockdown” and Its Effects 3 Digitization of Material Culture—The Institutional Dimension 3.1 Origin and Development of Cultural Digitization in Poland 3.2 Implementation of Material Culture Digitization Projects in Poland 4 Conclusion References: 20 The Challenges Educators Face in Virtually Creating High Quality LMX with Students and Colleagues Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Three Periods of Leader-Member Exchange 2.1 Early Development 2.2 Later Studies and Expansion of LMX 2.3 Outgrowth of LMX Theory 3 Pedagogy in Secondary Education 4 Pedagogy in Shift to Virtual Secondary Education 5 Methodology 6 Results and Analysis 7 Discussion and Conclusion References 21 On Techniques to Detect Concept Maps Pedagogical Similarity Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Pedagogic Similarity Measures 3.1 The Overlapping Edges Degree Measure 3.2 Knowledge Commonality Measure 4 Case Studies 4.1 First Case Study: the JE Measure 4.2 Second Case Study: The KC Measure 5 Conclusions References Smart Cities in Times of Covid-19 22 New Shades on the Smart City Paradigm During Covid-19: A Multiple Case Study Analysis of Italian Local Governments Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Smart City Paradigm Before Covid-19 3 Methods and Data 4 Results and Discussion 5 Final Remarks and Conclusions References 23 Resilient Urban Open Public Spaces in During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 OPS Definition, Typology and Design 3.1 OPS Challenges Through Time 4 OPS During Pandemics 4.1 Social Distancing as a Safety Barrier 4.2 Effect of Social Distance on the Long Run for OPS Users Psychologically 4.3 Resilient OPS Design as a Tool for Physical and Psychological Well-Being 5 Recommendations and Conclusion References 24 Minimum Areas of Confinement: Towards a Post-Covid-19 Urbanism Abstract 1 Introduction 2 An Approach to the Concept of Health 3 The case of the Spanish National Health System 3.1 Health System in the Community of Madrid 4 Urban Planning and the Concept Of City Well-Being 5 Conclusion References 25 Containing the Spread of Covid-19 Through Spatial Planning: The Case of Warsaw Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 The Conceptual Framework 3.1 The Resource-Based View of the City 3.2 Polycentric City 3.3 Policy Supporting Polycentric City Development—Local Centers 4 Results 4.1 How Mobility and Density Affect Spread of Diseases 4.2 Warsaw Strategy for Local Center Development 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References 26 The Implementation and Use of Technologies and Big Data by Local Authorities During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Prior Literature 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References 27 Artificial Intelligence and Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Supporting Urban Decision-Making During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics for Fighting the Covid-19 in the Territorial Context 3 Methodology and Results 3.1 Fuzzy Cognitive Map for the Urban Context 3.2 A Scenario Analysis Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Map During the Pandemic 4 Implications and Conclusions References 28 Exploring the Differentiating Characteristics Between the Smart City and the Smart Society Models Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Definition and Characterization of the Smart City Model 3 Definition and Characterization of the Smart Society Model 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 29 Smart Cities from Slow Philosophy Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Context 2.1 Acceleration as an Elemental Form in Modern Societies 2.2 Methodological Approach 3 Smart Cities from Slow Philosophy 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Covid-19 and the Business Sector 30 Managing Global Epidemic Through Resilience: A Prism for Resilient Smart Cities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Resilience in Smart Cities 3 Methodology 4 The Development of Resilience to Challenge Pandemic in Italian Context 5 The Resilience Prism: A Framework for the Enabling Factors of Innovation in Resilient Cities 6 Theoretical and Managerial Implications 7 Conclusion References 31 Business Governance in Emergent Contexts: Firms and Artificial Intelligence During the Covid-19 Pandemic. A Systematic Literature Review Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Methodology 4 Discussions 4.1 RQ1: What Are the Main Strategic and Operational Approaches to AI into the Firms? 5 Implications and Conclusions References 32 Business Dynamics in Times of Covid-19: The Link Between Organizations’ Performance and Uncertainty of Corporate Information Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Prior Literature 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References 33 Business Simulations in Times of the Covid-19: Their Effectiveness Through Online and Face-To-Face Instruction Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 The Questionnaire 3 Results 3.1 Factor Analyses 3.2 Comparison Analyses 4 Discussion and Conclusions References 34 Data-Driven Decision-Making in Circular Economy SMEs in Finland Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Data-Driven Decision Making in SMEs 2.1 Types of Data 2.2 Data Analytics in Decision-Making 2.3 Data Analytics in Circular Economy SMEs 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 What Types of Data are Utilized in Strategic Decision-Making? 4.2 How is Data Utilized in Decision-Making? 4.3 How much has Covid-19 Affected Data Utilization in Decision-Making? 5 Discussion Acknowledgements References 35 Let Thy Food Be Thy Medicine: Exploring the Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Online Food Delivery Industry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Discussion and Conclusion References 36 ICT Platforms and the Restaurant Business in Times of Covid-19: The Case of Italy Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Service Theories and Service Ecosystems 2.2 ICT Platforms as Determinants of Value Co-creation 3 Research Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions 6 Implications, Limitations and Future Research References 37 Exploring the Link Between Customers’ Safety Perception and the Use of Information Technology in the Restaurant Sector During the Covid-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Hypotheses Development 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Data Collection and Data Analysis 3.2 Empirical Model 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Descriptive Results 4.2 Results of the Dependency Model 5 Conclusions References 38 Online DMO (Destination Marketing Organization) for Meeting Industry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Prior Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions and Limitations References 39 Brave Consumers for a New Digital World: Exploring Online Shopping Motives During Covid-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Conceptual Model and Hypotheses 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Discussion and Conclusion References 40 Towards Smart Data Management of Scientific Literature: Addressing Polysemy and Aberrant Decoding in Author Names Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Data and Method 3.1 Dataset 3.2 Feature Selection 3.3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Experimental Results Using SVM and Naïve Bayes 4.2 Discussion on SVM and Naïve Bayes Classifiers 5 Conclusion References 41 Enhancing Innovativeness of China’s Economy Through Attracting Global Talent Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Potential of Human Capital in China in the Light of Some Indicators 2.1 Global Talent in the World Economy 2.2 The Development of Human Capital in China 3 Chinese Policy on Attracting Scientists and Professionals 3.1 The Policy Focus on Attracting Talent 3.2 Programmes Focusing on Attracting Talent 4 Discussion and Conclusions References 42 Future China: AI Leader in 2030? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Research Methodology 4 Results 4.1 AI—China’s New Area of International Competition 4.2 Chinese AI Growth Drivers 4.3 China and the Battle for AI Talent 4.4 Chinese Microchip and the New Age for Semiconductors 5 Discussion and Conclusion Funding References Covid-19: the Political System, Migration, and Well-Being 43 Threats to Democracy During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Poland Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Case study and Methodological Approach 3 Civil Liberties and Freedoms Versus Security of Society 4 The Socio-Economic Situation in Poland and COVID-19 5 a/First Phase of The Pandemic – restrictions 6 b/Second Phase of The Pandemic. Constitutional Court ruling, Independence March 7 c/Third Wave of The Pandemic - Economic Situation And Restrictions 8 Analysis 9 Conclusions References 44 The Polish Covid-19 Legislation. Strategy of the Populist Government During the Pandemic Crisis Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 The 2 March 2020 ACT (an Anti-Crisis Shield 1.0) 4 The May 2020 Postal Voting Draft 5 The August/September 2021 Covid-19 Act on the Impunity of Officials (the Abolition Act) 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 45 The Spanish Political Debate During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Twitter Debate Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Tools and Database 3 Analysis 4 Discussion and Conclusions References 46 Virulence of Two Infectious Diseases: Inequality and Covid-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Conceptual Background 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusions References 47 Because of Snowden? The Three Leakers and Privacy Issues in the Cyber Matrix Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Model and Methodological Framework 3 Introducing Snowden 4 Julian Assange 5 Tension within the New Knowledge Cyberclass 6 Chelsea Manning 7 Wikileaks and Manning 7.1 How Data Collection Works 8 Wikileaks and Government Protectors 9 The Three Leakers 10 Conclusion References 48 Quarantining in Croatia: Has the Covid-19 Pandemic Spurred Homeland Return? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background and Context 3 Research Methodology and Questions 4 Preliminary Findings 5 Concluding Remarks References 49 “Working from Home”: Government Initiatives to Promote Returning to Latvia Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Economic Drivers of Return Migration and Diaspora Policies 3 Latvia’s Return Migration Policy 4 Working from Home: Ad Hoc Versus Systematic Incentives For Return During The Pandemic 5 In Conclusion: The Role of Strategic Policy Making References 50 Brain Circulation and Return Migration in Slovenia Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Context: Contemporary Migrants in Numbers, Characteristics, Concepts and Programmes 3.1 Modern Emigration in Numbers 3.2 (Changed) Characteristics of Modern Emigrants 3.3 Theoretical Concept in Researching Modern Emigration 3.4 The Case of ASEF: Civil Society Programme for Brain Circulation 4 Empirical study: Preliminary Results of the Dilemma If New Emigrants Would Return Home 4.1 Preliminary Results of the National Research Project on Brain Drain/Brain Circulation 4.2 Preliminary Results of an Internal ASEF Research on the Impact of Its Programmes 4.3 Changes with the Covid-19 Pandemic 5 Concluding Remarks References 51 Has Covid-19 Put a Halt to Youth Migration? Preliminary Evidence from Poland Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Covid-19 Pandemic in Poland 3 Data and Methods 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusion References 52 What a Manager Wants? How Return Migrants’ Experiences are Valued by Managers in the Baltics Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Context 2.1 Return Migration in the Baltics 2.2 Baltic Labour Market 2.3 Return Migrants Bring Back Skills and Experience 2.4 Foreign Experience Is Appreciated by Employers 3 Methods 4 Results 4.1 Returnees Experience Is Mostly Valued 4.2 Which Experiences Are Valued 5 Conclusions Acknowldgement References 53 Global Impacts of ICT-Qualified Worker Shortage: Exploring the Need for Educational, Firm-Based, and Societal Investments in ICT Human Capital Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 What is Human Capital? 4 What is ICT-HC in Industry 4.0 5 Methodology 6 Opportunities and Outcomes of a Global ICT Human Capital Development Initiative 7 Conclusions References 54 Grief, Growth, and Silver Linings: Humanistic Leadership During the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method and Aim 3 Grief and Loss 3.1 Manifestations of Grief and Loss 4 Silver Linings 4.1 Human Connection Through Technology 5 Growth and Renewal 6 Humanistic Leadership 6.1 Humanistic Leadership and Engagement 7 Discussion 8 Recommendations and Conclusion References Author Index