Relativistic Astrophysics And Cosmology - Proceedings Of The 13th Course Of The International School Of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics

Cover RELATIVISTIC ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY CONTENTS Preface Understanding and modeling the Universe and its luminous systems An accelerating closed Universe J. Overduin & W. Priester 1. Dark Matter and the Evolution of the Universe 2. The Matter Density Parameter M,0 3. The Vacuum Energy Density Parameter 4. The (Four?) Elements of Modern Cosmology Acknowledgments References The entangled Universe T. Wilson & H.-J. Blome 1. Introduction 2. Horizons and Nonlocal Quantum Cosmology 3. Examples: Nonlocality in Nuclear Physics and Quantum Mechanics 4. BCS Theory and Quantum Cosmology 5 . Rindler Wedges and Time-Like Killing Vectors 6. Lee’s Theorem and Quantum Gravity 7. Examples of Lee's Theorem 8. Derivation of the Quantum Temperature of the Accelerating Universe 9. Quantum Temperature of Flat, Accelerating FL Models 10. Conclusion Acknowledgments References The physics of extragalactic jets from multiwavelength observations R. M. Sarnbruna 1. Introduction and Motivation 2. Sample selection and Observations 3 . Results 3.1. Detection rates and Jets morphologies 3.2. Spectral Energy Distributions 3.3. Caveats 4. Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References Supernovae I. J. Danziger 1. Introduction 2. Types of Supernovae 3. A Physical Understanding 3.1. Thermonuclear Supernovae 3.2. Core-collapse Supernovae 4. Historical Galactic Supernovae 5. Supernova Rates and Places of Occurrence 6. Asymmetric Explosions and Polarization of Light 7. Energies 8. Light Curves 8.1. Thermonuclear or Type l a SNe 8.2. Core-collapse or Type Ib,c and II 9. Distance Determinations 9.1. Type Ia 9.2. Type II 10. Element Production and Abundances 10.1. Methods 10.2. Photospheric Line Analysis 10.3. Nebular Spectral Line Analysis 10.4. Abundances from Light Curves 10.4.1. Type I a 10.4.2. Type II 10.5. Gamma- Ray Observations 11. The Gamma-Ray Burst Connection Acknowledgments References Gamma-ray and neutrino signatures of cosmic ray acceleration by pulsars W. Bednarek 1. Introduction 2. Mechanisms of particle acceleration 2.1. Formation of a neutron star 2.2. Inner magnetosphere 2.3. Light cylinder region 2.4. Pulsar wind zone 2.5. Pulsar nebula 3. Contribution of pulsars to the cosmic rays 4. Signatures of cosmic ray acceleration 4.1. Prompt gamma-my and neutrino emission 4.2. Delayed gamma-ray and neutrino emission 4.2.1. Pulsar an the interstellar medium 4.2.2. Pulsar in the high density medium 5. Conclusion Acknowledgements References Gamma rays from PSR B1259-63/Be binary system A Sierpowska & W. Bednarek 1. Introduction 2. High energy processes inside a binary system 3. Gamma-rays from inverse Compton Scattering 3.1. The wind region 3.2. The shock region 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements References Young compact objects in the solar vicinity S. B. Popov, M. R. Prokhorov, M. Colpi, R. Turolla & A . Treves 1. Introduction 2. Close young neutron stars 2.1. Log N — Log S distribution 2.2. Census of close young isolated neutron stars of different types 2.3. Alignment 2.4. Possible correlation between initial magnetic fields and masses of neutron stars 3. Close young isolated black holes 4. Conclusions 5. Acknowledgments References Cosmic rays Cosmic ray diffusion in the dynamic Milky Way: model, measurement and terrestrial effects N . J. Shaviv 1. Introduction 2. Diffusion in a Dynamic Galaxy 3. The cosmic ray flux variability from meteorites 4. Do Cosmic rays affects the climate? 5. Ice Age Epochs and Spiral Passages 6. Star Formation Rate and Long Term Glacial Activity 7. And the Dinosaurs? 8. Summary References Cosmic ray energy spectra and composition near the “knee” J . P. Wefel 1. Introduction and History 2. The “Problem” of the Knee 3. The Standard Model: Supernova Remnant Acceleration 4. Experimental Data 5. Summary and Prospects Acknowledgements References Energetic particle populations inside and around the solar system P. Kiraly 1. Introduction 2. The heliosphere and its environment 2.1. The solar sytern and the heliosphere 2.2. Dimensions and basic structure of the heliosphere 2.3. Some complications 3. Energetic particle populations in the heliosphere 3.1. I s there a baseline population? 3.2. Solar energetic particles 3.3. Acceleration and propagation in the inner heliosphere 3.4. Messengers from the outer heliosphere and beyond 4. Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgments References On the origin and propagation of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays M. Giller 1. Introduction 2. The energy spectrum 2.1. Energy losses of protons 2.2. Energy losses of heavy nuclei 2.3. Maximum path length 2.4. Predictions of the ambient CR energy spectrum 2.5. The observations 2.6. Attempts to explain the AGASA spectrum (no cutoff) 3. Angular distribution of arrival directions 3.1. Large scale anisotropy 3.2. Multiple events 3.2.1. Observations 3.2.2. Multiplet probabilities 3.3. Implication for the intergalactic matter Conclusions Acknowledgments References Gamma ray bursts, supernovae, and cosmic ray origin C. D. Dermer 1. Introduction 2. Observations of GRBs 3. GRB Source Models 4. Cosmic Ray Production by GRBs 4.1. UHECR Production by GRBs 4.2. Rate and Power of GRBs in the Milky Way 5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References The Alpha magnetic spectrometer M. Ionica for the AMS Collaboration 1. Introduction 2. The AMS detector on the STS-91 mission 3. Physics results from the AMS experiment on the STS-91 flight 3.1. Search for Anti-helium 3.2. Measurements of the Cosmic Ray spectrum 4. Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgments References The deconvolution of the energy spectrum for the TRACER experiment A. A. Radu, D. Muller & F. Gahbauer 1. Introduction 2. The Deconvolution of the Energy Spectrum 2.1. Method A 2.2. Method B 3. Conclusions References Compton scatter transition radiation detectors for ACCESS G. L. Case & M. L. Cherry 1. Introduction 2. Optimizing TRDs for high energies 3. Accelerator test of Compton Scatter TRD 4. Application to ACCESS 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References A new measurement of the pf and p- spectra at several atmospheric depths with CAPRICE98 P. Hansen 1. Introduction 2. The experiment 2.1. Rich 2.2. The time of flight 2.3. The tracking system 2.4. The calorimeter 3. Data Analysis 3.1. Particle selection 3.1.1. Tracking 3.1.2. Scintillators and time-of-flight 3.1.3. The Rich 3.1.4. The Calorimeter 3.2. Contamination 3.3. Eficiency determination 4. Results References Extensive air showers Ultra high energy cosmic rays: present status and future prospects A . A. Watson 1. Introduction 2. Measurement of UHECR 3. The Energy Spectrum, Arrival Direction Distribution and Mass of UHECRs 3.1. Energy Spectrum 3.2. Arrival Direction Distribution 3.3. Mass Composition 4. Theoretical Interpretations 4.1. Electromagnetic Processes 4.2. Non-electromagnetic Processes 5. Detectors of the Future 5.1. The Pierre Auger Observatory 6. EUSO and OWL Acknowledgements Measurement and reconstruction of extensive air showers with the KASCADE field array G. Maier for the KASCADE Collaboration 1. Introduction 2. The KASCADE experiment 3. Field Array 4. Reconstruction of extensive air showers 5. Summary and Conclusion References Aspects of the reconstruction chain for the fluorescent telescopes of the Pierre Auger observatory F. Nerling for the Auger Collaboration 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Setup 3. Reconstruction Chain 3.1. Shower Geometry 3.2. Overview 3.3. Some Results 3.4. Pixel Pointing 3.5. Gerenkov Contamination 4. Conclusions & outlook Acknowledgments References Simulations of extensive air showers: a hybrid method J. Alvarez-Muniz, R. Engel, T. K. Gaisser, J. A . Ortiz & T. Stanev 1. Introduction 2. A Hybrid Simulation Technique 3. Results for proton-initiated showers 3.1. Depth of Maximum Development 3.2. Number of Muons 4. Summary Acknowledgments References Delayed signals – new method of hadron studies K. Jgdrzejczak 1. Introduction 2. The Array 3. Delayed signals 4. Results 4.1. Delayed signals i n GM counters 4.2. Delayed signals in a set of counters 5. Hypotheses on DS phenomenon 6. Conclusion References The Roland Maze Project K. Jedrzejczak 1. Introduction 2. The main aim of the experiment 3. The idea of the experiment 4. The additional subject 5 . Why Roland Maze ? 6. Summary Gamma ray and neutrino astronomy TeV observations of extragalactic sources at the Whipple Observatory D. Horan 1. Detecting Very High Energy (VHE) r-rays From The Ground 2. Extragalactic Sources of VHE r-rays 2.1. Blazars 2.2. The Blazar Sequence 3. Detected Sources of VHE 7-rays 3.1. Markarian 421 (Mrk421) 3.2. Markarian 501 (Mrk501) 3.3. lES2344+514 (lES2344) 3.4. H1426+428 (H1426) 3.5. lES1959+650 (lES1959) Acknowledgments References The science of VERITAS P. J. Boyle & D. Horan 1. Introduction 2. Science Goals 2.1. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) 2.1.1. Extragalactic Infra-red Background (IRB) Radiation 2.2. Shell-type Supernova Remnants (SNRs) 2.3. Diffuse galactic r-ray emission 2.4. r-ray pulsars 2.5. Particle Physics and Fundamental Physics 2.5.1. Cosmic Ray Composition 2.5.2. Neutralino annihilation in the galactic center 2.5.3. r-ray bursts (GRBs) 2.5.4. Quantum Gravity 2.5.5. Primordial black holes 3. Summary Acknowledgments References Exploring the gamma ray horizon with the next generation of gamma ray telescopes O. B. Bigas & M. Martinez 1. Introduction 1.1. Optical Depth 1.2. Gamma Ray Horizon 1.3. Extragalactic Background Light 2. Measurement of the GRH 3. Cosmological Parameters 4. Conclusions Acknowledgments References The present status of the MAGIC telescope J. Lopez for the MAGIC Collaboration 1. Introduction 2. The MAGIC Project Status 2.1. The Structure 2.2. The Reflector 2.3. The Camera 2.4. The Readout 3. Conclusions Acknowledgments References The MAGIC telescope as a detecctor of gamma ray pulsars above 10-30 GeV M. L. Moya, V. Fonseca & O. C. de Jager 1. Introduction 2. Detection Capability of MAGIC for EGRET Pulsars 2.1. MAGIC Detection Rates for Pulsed Emission 2.2. Detection Times for Pulsars 3. MAGIC Sensitivity for Unidentified EGRET Sources 4. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Development of the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique at the Whipple Observatory P. J. Boyle 1. Introduction 2. Whipple Observatory r-ray Telescope 2.1. 10m Optical Reflector 2.2. First Generation : 1968 - 1976 2.3. First Imaging Camera : 1982 - 1987 2.4. High-Resolution Camera : 1988 - 1996 2.5. High-Resolution Camera 11 : 1996 - 1999 2.6. Granite 111 : 1999 - present 3. Future of VHE r-ray Astronomy Acknowledgments References Gamma rays and neutrinos from blazars C. D. Dermer 1. Introduction 2. Active Galactic Nuclei: A Brief Review 2.1. Radio-Quiet AGNs 2.2. Radio Galaxies 2.3. Blazars 3. Gamma Rays from Blazars 4. Neutrinos and Neutral Beams from Blazars Acknowledgments References High energy neutrino astronomy T. Stanev 1. Why would one want one more astronomy ? 1.1. How are these neutrinos generated 1.2. How are the pions produced 2. Sources of astrophysical neutrinos 2.1. Diffuse extragalactic neutrino fluxes 2.2. Neutrinos fiom propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays 3. Detection of extraterrestrial neutrinos 3.1. Neutrino telescopes Acknowledgments References The radio ice Cerenkov experiment (RICE) S. Seunarine for the RICE Collaboration 1. Introduction 2. Radio Signal F'rom Electromagnetic Cascades 3. The RICE Detector: Hardware and Triggers 4. Analysis Acknowledgments References List of participants