بازآفرینی بقراط (تاریخ پزشکی در زمینه)

The name of Hippocrates has been invoked as an inspiration of medicine since antiquity, and medical practitioners have turned to Hippocrates for ethical and social standards. While most modern commentators accept that medicine has sometimes fallen short of Hippocratic ideals, these ideals are usually portrayed as having a timeless appeal, departure from which is viewed as an aberration that only a return to Hippocratic values will correct. Recent historical work has begun to question such an image of Hippocrates and his medicine. Instead of examining Hippocratic ideals and values as an unchanging legacy passed to us from antiquity, historians have increasingly come to explore the many different ways in which Hippocrates and his medicine have been constructed and reconstructed over time. Thus scholars have tended to abandon attempts to extract a real Hippocrates from the mass of conflicting opinions about him. Rather, they tend to ask why he was portrayed in particular ways, by particular groups, at particular times. This volume explores the multiple uses, constructions, and meanings of Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine since the Renaissance, and elucidates the cultural and social circumstances that shaped their development. Recent research has suggested that whilst the process of constructing and reconstructing Hippocrates began during antiquity, it was during the sixteenth century that the modern picture emerged. Many scholastic endeavours today, it is claimed, are attempts to answer Hippocratic questions first posed in the sixteenth century. This book provides an opportunity to begin to evaluate such claims, and to explore their relevance in areas beyond those of classical scholarship. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Figures 8 Acknowledgements 9 Notes on Contributors 10 1 Introduction: The Uses and Meanings of Hippocrates 12 PART I Renaissance Constructions of Hippocratism 30 2 The Power of Paternity: The Father of Medicine Meets the Prince of Physicians 32 3 Hippocrates and the Construction of ‘Progress’ in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-century Medicine 48 4 The Chemical Hippocrates: Paracelsian and Hippocratic Theory in Petrus Severinus’ Medical Philosophy 70 PART II The Transformations of Hippocratism in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Britain 100 5 The Transformation of Hippocrates in Seventeenth-century Britain 102 6 Hippocrates and the Politics of Medical Knowledge in Early Modern England 127 7 Hippocrates, Bacon, and Medical Meteorology at the Royal Society, 1700–1750 147 PART III Hippocratism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century France and North America 166 8 Hippocrates and the Montpellier Vitalists in the French Medical Enlightenment 168 9 The Rhetoric of Hippocrates at the Paris School 189 10 Making History in American Medical Culture: The Antebellum Competition for Hippocrates 211 PART IV Twentieth-century Hippocratic Revivals 248 11 Hippocrates American Style: Representing Professional Morality in Early Twentieth-century America 250 12 Hippocrates, Holism and Humanism in Interwar France 268 13 The Name and the Word: Neo-Hippocratism and Language in Interwar Britain 291 14 A Model for the New Physician: Hippocrates in Interwar Germany 313 Index 336 Introduction: The Uses And Meanings Of Hippocrates -- The Power Of Paternity: The Father Of Medicine Meets The Prince Of Physicians -- Hippocrates And The Construction Of 'progress' In Sixteenth- And Seventeenth-century Medicine -- The Chemical Hippocrates: Paracelsian And Hippocratic Theory In Petrus Severinus' Medical Philosophy -- The Transformation Of Hippocrates In Seventeenth-century Britain -- Hippocrates And The Politics Of Medical Knowledge In Early Modern England -- Hippocrates, Bacon, And Medical Meteorology At The Royal Society, 1700-1750 -- Hippocrates And The Montpellier Vitalists In The French Medical Enlightenment -- The Rhetoric Of Hippocrates At The Paris School -- Making History In American Medical Culture: The Antebellum Competition For Hippocrates -- Hippocrates American Style: Representing Professional Morality In Early Twentieth-century America -- Hippocrates, Holism And Humanism In Interwar France -- The Name And The Word: Neo-hippocratism And Language In Interwar Britain -- A Model For The New Physician: Hippocrates In Interwar Germany. Edited By David Cantor. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This collection of essays explores the multiple uses, constructions and meanings of Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine since the Renaissance, and elucidate the cultural and social circumstances that encouraged the creation of such varied proposals.