Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 941)

This book explores the major cytokines, such as IL-1 and IFN-γ, with respect to the regulation of their gene expression and protein production in specific immune cell types. It discusses both healthy physiological settings and in pathological situations in which the expression of some cytokines could be dysregulated, resulting in either immunodeficiency or exacerbated inflammatory sequelae in animal models as well as in human patients. Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses that require the highly coordinated participation and communication of multiple cell types. The expression of cytokines by various producer cell types is therefore carefully regulated in response to environmental cues at multiple levels: transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. Presenting cutting-edge advances in our understanding of the regulation of cytokine expression, this book is a valuable resource for anyone involved or interested in immune regulation. This book explores the major cytokines, such as IL-1 and IFN-lđ, with respect to the regulation of their gene expression and protein production in specific immune cell types. It discusses both healthy physiological settings and in pathological situations in which the expression of some cytokines could be dysregulated, resulting in either immunodeficiency or exacerbated inflammatory sequelae in animal models as well as in human patients. Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses that require the highly coordinated participation and communication of multiple cell types. The expression of cytokines by various producer cell types is therefore carefully regulated in response to environmental cues at multiple levels: transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. Presenting cutting-edge advances in our understanding of the regulation of cytokine expression, this book is a valuable resource for anyone involved or interested in immune regulation. Notch Signaling Pathway -- WNT/[beta]-Catenin Pathway -- mTOR -- Nucleic Acid Sensing Pathway -- 3.3.3 Transcription Factors -- 3.3.3.1 GATA3 -- 3.3.3.2 c-Maf -- 3.3.3.3 JunB -- 3.3.3.4 Dec2 -- 3.3.3.5 Other Positive Transcription Factors -- 3.3.3.6 Negative Transcription Factors -- 3.3.4 Epigenetic Regulation of IL-4 -- 3.3.4.1 Epigenetic Landscape of Il4 and the Th2 Locus in Th2 Cells -- 3.3.4.2 Epigenetic Modifiers -- Epigenetic Modifiers that Suppress IL-4 Expression -- Epigenetic Modifiers that Promote IL-4 Expression -- 3.3.5 Regulation of IL-4 Expression by microRNA and lncRNA -- 3.3.5.1 miR-21 3.2.2 Immunological Function of IL-4 -- 3.2.3 IL-4 and Type 2 Immunity -- 3.2.4 Nonimmunological Function of IL-4 and Type 2 Cytokines -- 3.3 Mechanisms Regulating the Cell Type-Specific Expression of IL-4 -- 3.3.1 The Il4 Gene and Th2 Locus -- 3.3.1.1 Positive Regulatory Elements -- CNS1/HSS1-3 -- IE/HSII -- CNS2/HSV and HSVa -- HS1/CS1/CGRE -- Locus Control Region -- 3.3.1.2 Negative Regulatory Element -- HSIV/HM1 -- 3.3.2 Signaling Pathways Promoting Th2 Differentiation and IL-4 Production -- 3.3.2.1 TCR Signals -- 3.3.2.2 IL-4/Stat6 Pathway -- 3.3.2.3 Non-Stat6 Pathways -- IL-2/Stat5 Pathway 3.3.5.2 miR-155 -- 3.3.5.3 miR-19 -- 3.3.5.4 Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) -- Linc-Maf-4 Inhibits the Expression of c-Maf -- Th2-LCR lnRNA Maintains H3K4me3 of the Th2 Locus -- 3.4 Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Non-Th2 Cells -- 3.5 Expression of IL-4 in Protective and Pathogenic Type 2 Immune Responses -- 3.5.1 Genome-Wide Association Studies -- 3.5.2 Epigenomic Studies -- 3.5.3 Roles of Epithelium-Derived Cytokines and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells -- 3.5.4 Other Cellular Sources of IL-4 -- 3.6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4: Regulation of IL-6 in Immunity and Diseases 1.5.3 DREAM -- 1.5.4 GATA3 -- 1.5.5 Yin Yang 1 -- 1.6 Posttranscriptional Regulation -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: The Interleukin-1 Family -- 2.1 History of IL-1 -- 2.2 The IL-1 Family -- 2.2.1 IL-1[alpha] (IL-1F1) and IL-1[beta] (IL-1F2) -- 2.3 IL-1 Receptors -- 2.3.1 IL-18 (IL-1F4) -- 2.4 IL-33 (IL-1F11) -- 2.5 IL-36 (IL-1F5, IL-1F6, IL-1F8, IL-1F9) and IL-37 (IL-1F7) -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Immunity and Diseases -- 3.1 IL-4-Producing Cells -- 3.2 Function of IL-4 -- 3.2.1 IL-4 Receptors and Signaling Pathways