Regional climate variability and its impacts in the Mediterranean area : [proceedings of the NATO Advanced research workshop on regional climate variability and its impacts in the Mediterranea area, Marrakech, Morocco, 1 September 2006

Global change due to natural processes and anthropogenic activity as well as the natural variability of the climate system will impact all areas of the globe. However, the impact will not be uniform and different impacts of differing magnitude and nature will be felt in various regions of the globe. The Mediterranean region, like other regions of the world, will face some unique and different impacts. The uniqueness and difference in the Mediterranean are to be expected given some special dynamical, chemical, biological, and land characteristics of the region. The Mediterranean region is often exposed to multiple stresses, such as a simultaneous water shortage and air pollution. This is a consequence of its unique location and emissions. One of the common stresses in North Africa is water shortage and distribution amongst the seasons. Air pollution can often add to the water stress. Air pollution occurs due to emissions in the region as well as from those transported from other areas and can occur when there is low water availability. Multiple stresses are likely to grow in the future when human induced stress is likely to increase due to the rapid industrialization of the region. This NATO workshop was set up to discuss these issues in general, and the influence of chemical emissions and transformation in particular. This workshop was "special" because it involved a very large number of scientists (>75%) from the region, either from North Africa or the Mediterranean Europe. Many key issues, some of which are specific to this region, were identified. Details of the finding and suggestions are presented in the articles in this volume. The workshop was held in Marrakech, Morocco, from 23 rd to 26 th November 2006. 1. Climate and its Variability: Global and Regional Perspective Long-range Transport of Pollutants Above the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for Air Quality and Regional Climate / N. Mihalopoulos African dust: its large-scale transport over the Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the Mediterranean region / J.M. Prospero Radiative and Physiological Effects of Increased CO2, How does this interaction affect Climate in the Mediterranean Region? / L. Bounoua Climate altering trace gases in Mediterranean area: Trends and source allocation / P. Bonsoni ... [et al.] Key processes for dust emissions and their modeling / G. Bergametti, B. Marticorena, B. Laurent 2. Modelling of the Global and Regional Phenomena Climate/Water-cycle feedbacks in the Mediterranean: the role of land-use changes and the propagation of perturbations at the regional and global scale / M.M. Millan Aerosols direct radiative forcing on Djougou (Northern Benin) during the AMMA dry season experiment / M. Malle ... [et al.] 3. Climate and Regional Air Quality Impact of changing climate and emissions on surface ozone distributions and evolution / H. Tanimoto ... [et al.] Short and long-term transport of crustal and anthropogenic inorganic components of coarse and fine aerosols over Beirut, Lebanon / N.A. Saliba ... [et al.] 4. Details of Chemical and Aerosols Processes Aerosols in global models - focus on Europe / M. Kanakidou Measurements of ozone, Black Carbon and particle size distributions along a Mediterranean cruise track during the period: October 2005-October 2006 / K. Velchev ... [et al.] Concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 and PM 10- 2.5 in the north-eastern Mediterranean / N. Kubilay, M. Kocak, N. Mihalopoulos Non-methane volatile organic compound measurements in the city centre of Wroclaw, Poland / A. Niedojadlo ... [et al.] Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) variability in the eastern Mediterranean / C. Arsene, A. Bougiatioti, N. Mihalopoulos Representation of chemical detail in atmospheric models / M.J. Pilling Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 on mineral dust / C. George ... [et al.] Gas phase processes relevant to the Mediterranean: Some new and important topics / I. Barnes, I. Bejan 5. Other presentations Climate change and its impacts in Morocco / M.-S. Karrouk The effect of climate changes on the disposal facility of natural occurring radioactive materials in Egypt / M. Abdel Geleel Mohamed Analysis of down looking GPS occultation simulated data using least squares and abel inversions / A. El-Kutb Mousa, T. Tsuda Presentation of MADEPODIM project / A. Azzi. Front Matter....Pages i-xix Long-Range Transport of Pollutants Above the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for Air Quality and Regional Climate....Pages 1-13 African Dust: Its Large-Scale Transport over the Atlantic Ocean and its Impact on the Mediterranean Region....Pages 15-38 Radiative and Physiological Effects of Increased CO 2 : How does this Interaction Affect Climate in the Mediterranean Region?....Pages 39-50 Climate Altering Trace Gases in the Mediterranean Area: Trends and Source Allocation....Pages 51-61 Key Processes for Dust Emissions and their Modeling....Pages 63-81 Climate/Water-Cycle Feedbacks in the Mediterranean: The role of Land-Use Changes and the Propagation of Perturbations at the Regional and Global Scale....Pages 83-101 Aerosols Direct Radiative Forcing on Djougou (Northern Benin) During the AMMA Dry Season Experiment....Pages 103-111 Impact of Changing Climate and Emissions on Surface Ozone Distributions and Evolution....Pages 113-127 Short and Long-Term Transport of Crustal and Anthropogenic Inorganic Components of Coarse and Fine Aerosols over Beirut, Lebanon....Pages 129-142 Aerosols in Global Models – Focus on Europe....Pages 143-154 Measurements of Ozone, Black Carbon and Particle Size Distributions Along a Mediterranean Cruise Track During the Period: October 2005-October 2006....Pages 155-165 Concentration and Chemical Composition of PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 in the Northeastern Mediterranean....Pages 167-180 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound Measurements in the City Centre of Wroclaw, Poland....Pages 181-196 Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC s ) Variability in the Eastern Mediterranean....Pages 197-206 Representation of Chemical Detail in Atmospheric Models....Pages 207-218 Photoenhanced Uptake of NO 2 on Mineral Dust....Pages 219-233 Gas Phase Processes Relevant to the Mediterranean Some New and Important Topics....Pages 235-251 Climate Change and its Impacts in Morocco....Pages 253-267 The Effect of Climate Changes on the Disposal Facility of Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials in Egypt....Pages 269-277 Analysis of Down Looking GPS Occultation Simulated Data Using Least Squares and Abel Inversions....Pages 279-289 Presentation of MADEPODIM Project....Pages 291-294 Back Matter....Pages 295-316 "In an age when climate change is of key international concern, this work is both timely and important. The articles collected here are the result of a NATO workshop which brought together an extraordinary number of scientists. The attention is focused on the Mediterranean area which, like others around the globe, is facing its own particular climate stresses due to the chemical, biological and land characteristics of the region. Water shortages coupled with air pollution create unique stresses, due to the area's location and emissions. In North Africa, the problems associated with the seasonal distribution of water, leading to chronic shortages, is exacerbated by air pollution due to emissions in the region and those transported from its global neighbors. This volume details the findings of experts from North Africa and Mediterranean Europe, and in particular describes the influence of chemical emissions and climate transformation. It also looks to the future, addressing the problems associated with the growth of multiple stresses in the region, brought about by human activity and the rapid advance of industrialization."--Publisher NL-ZmNBD