Regional and National Elections in Eastern Europe: Territoriality of the Vote in Ten Countries (Comparative Territorial Politics)

This book is the second of two studies which systematically explore territoriality of the vote in Europe. They investigate when and where voters treat regional elections differently from national contests and aim to increase our understanding of the dynamics of electoral competition, which have become increasingly multifarious and complex in many countries due to the establishment and strengthening of regional government. This volume brings together leading experts on elections who analyze differences between regional and national electoral outcomes in ten East European countries since 1990. Based on a common analytical framework, each chapter investigates congruence between regional and national elections and traces and explains second-order and regional election effects. The editors applied a similar analytical framework in __Regional and National Elections in Western Europe__ (Palgrave, 2013) which focused on 13 West European countries, enabling the authors to compare regional electoral dynamics between Eastern and Western Europe and observe to what extent explanations for territorial heterogeneity in the vote in the West also apply to the East. This book will be of particular interest to advanced students and scholars in the fields of comparative politics, regional studies, Eastern-European politics, and democratization. Acknowledgements 6 Contents 8 Contributors 10 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 16 List of Maps 18 1: Introduction: An Analytical Framework for Studying Territoriality of the Vote in Eastern Europe 19 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Exploring Territorial Heterogeneity of the Vote in Eastern Europe 24 1.3 Nationalization of the Vote: Second-Order Election Effects 28 1.4 Regionalization of the Vote: Non-statewide Parties and Electoral Alliances 32 Non-statewide Parties 33 Electoral Alliances 35 1.5 Explaining Regional Electoral Dynamics in Eastern European Countries 37 Territorial Cleavages 37 Regional Authority 39 Electoral Rules 43 1.6 Structure of the Book 45 Bibliography 47 2: Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Archetypical Example of an Ethnocracy 52 2.1 Introduction 52 2.2 Regional Government and Elections 55 2.3 Congruence of the Vote 62 2.4 Second-Order Election Effects 66 2.5 Regionalization 70 2.6 Discussion 73 Bibliography 74 3: Croatia: Elections for Weak Counties When Regionalization Is Not Finished Yet 76 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 78 3.3 Congruence of the Vote 86 3.4 Second-Order Election Effects 88 3.5 Regional Election Effects 91 3.6 Discussion 94 Bibliography 95 4: Czech Republic: Regional Elections Without Regional Politics 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 102 4.3 Congruence of the Vote 107 4.4 Second-Order Election Effects 110 4.5 Regional Election Effects 115 4.6 Discussion 119 Bibliography 120 5: Hungary: Are Neglected Regional Elections Second-Order Elections? 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 123 5.3 Congruence of the Vote 129 5.4 Second-Order Election Effects 134 5.5 Regional Election Effects 138 5.6 Discussion 141 Bibliography 142 6: Poland: Nationalization Despite Fear of Regionalization 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 148 6.3 Congruence of the Vote 153 6.4 Second-Order Election Effects 157 6.5 Regional Election Effects 161 6.6 Discussion 165 Bibliography 167 7: Romania: Regional Persistence in a Highly Nationalized Party System 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 173 7.3 Congruence of the Vote 176 7.4 Second-Order Election Effects 179 7.5 Regional Election Effects 183 7.6 Discussion 187 Bibliography 188 8: Russia: Nationalization Achieved Through Electoral and Institutional Engineering 192 8.1 Introduction 192 8.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 194 8.3 Congruence of the Vote 201 8.4 Second-Order Election Effects 205 8.5 Regionalization of the Vote 209 8.6 Discussion 214 Bibliography 215 9: Serbia and Montenegro. From Centralization to Secession and Multi-ethnic Regionalism 222 9.1 Introduction 222 9.2 Elections in Montenegro 226 Nationalization of the Vote in Montenegro 227 Ethnicization of the Vote in Montenegro 231 9.3 Elections in Serbia 235 Regional Government and Regional Elections in Vojvodina 236 Congruence of the Vote 238 Second-Order Election Effects 241 Regional Election Effects 244 9.4 Discussion 249 Bibliography 250 10: Slovakia: The Unbearable Lightness of Regionalization 254 10.1 Introduction 254 10.2 Regional Government and Regional Elections 256 10.3 Congruence of the Vote 262 10.4 Second-Order Election Effects 264 10.5 Regional Election Effects 269 10.6 Discussion 271 Bibliography 273 11: Turkey: Provincial Elections as a Barometer of National Politics 275 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Provincial Government and Provincial Elections 278 11.3 Congruence of the Vote 283 11.4 Second-Order Election Effects 289 11.5 Regional Election Effects 293 11.6 Discussion 295 Bibliography 297 12: Conclusion: Towards an Explanation of the Territoriality of the Vote in Eastern Europe 300 12.1 Introduction 300 12.2 Congruence Between Regional and National Elections in Eastern and Western Europe 303 12.3 Second-Order Election Effects in Regional Elections in Eastern and Western Europe 311 12.4 Understanding Regional Electoral Dynamics in Eastern Europe 323 Territorial Cleavages 324 Regional Authority 329 Electoral Rules 331 12.5 The Way Ahead 334 Bibliography 336 Bibliography 339 Index 368 This Book Is The Second Of Two Studies Which Systematically Explore Territoriality Of The Vote In Europe. They Investigate When And Where Voters Treat Regional Elections Differently From National Contests And Aim To Increase Our Understanding Of The Dynamics Of Electoral Competition, Which Have Become Increasingly Multifarious And Complex In Many Countries Due To The Establishment And Strengthening Of Regional Government. This Volume Brings Together Leading Experts On Elections Who Analyze Differences Between Regional And National Electoral Outcomes In Ten East European Countries Since 1990. Based On A Common Analytical Framework, Each Chapter Investigates Congruence Between Regional And National Elections And Traces And Explains Second-order And Regional Election Effects. The Editors Applied A Similar Analytical Framework In Regional And National Elections In Western Europe (palgrave, 2013) Which Focused On 13 West European Countries, Enabling The Authors To Compare Regional Electoral Dynamics Between Eastern And Western Europe And Observe To What Extent Explanations For Territorial Heterogeneity In The Vote In The West Also Apply To The East. This Book Will Be Of Particular Interest To Advanced Students And Scholars In The Fields Of Comparative Politics, Regional Studies, Eastern-european Politics, And Democratization. -- This Book Is The Second Of Two Studies Which Systematically Explore Territoriality Of The Vote In Europe. They Investigate When And Where Voters Treat Regional Elections Differently From National Contests And Aim To Increase Our Understanding Of The Dynamics Of Electoral Competition, Which Have Become Increasingly Multifarious And Complex In Many Countries Due To The Establishment And Strengthening Of Regional Government. This Volume Brings Together Leading Experts On Elections Who Analyze Differences Between Regional And National Electoral Outcomes In Ten East European Countries Since 1990. Based On A Common Analytical Framework, Each Chapter Investigates Congruence Between Regional And National Elections And Traces And Explains Second-order And Regional Election Effects. The Editors Applied A Similar Analytical Framework In Regional And National Elections In Western Europe (palgrave, 2013) Which Focused On 13 West European Countries, Enabling The Authors To Compare Regional Electoral Dynamics Between Eastern And Western Europe And Observe To What Extent Explanations For Territorial Heterogeneity In The Vote In The West Also Apply To The East. This Book Will Be Of Particular Interest To Advanced Students And Scholars In The Fields Of Comparative Politics, Regional Studies, Eastern-european Politics, And Democratization -- From Back Cover. Arjan H. Schakel, Editor. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 327-355) And Index. Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Introduction: An Analytical Framework for Studying Territoriality of the Vote in Eastern Europe....Pages 1-33 Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Archetypical Example of an Ethnocracy....Pages 35-58 Croatia: Elections for Weak Counties When Regionalization Is Not Finished Yet....Pages 59-81 Czech Republic: Regional Elections Without Regional Politics....Pages 83-104 Hungary: Are Neglected Regional Elections Second-Order Elections?....Pages 105-128 Poland: Nationalization Despite Fear of Regionalization....Pages 129-153 Romania: Regional Persistence in a Highly Nationalized Party System....Pages 155-176 Russia: Nationalization Achieved Through Electoral and Institutional Engineering....Pages 177-206 Serbia and Montenegro. From Centralization to Secession and Multi-ethnic Regionalism....Pages 207-238 Slovakia: The Unbearable Lightness of Regionalization....Pages 239-259 Turkey: Provincial Elections as a Barometer of National Politics....Pages 261-285 Conclusion: Towards an Explanation of the Territoriality of the Vote in Eastern Europe....Pages 287-325 Back Matter....Pages 327-363