Reconfiguring National, Institutional and Human Strategies for the 21st Century: Converging Internationalizations (Knowledge Studies in Higher Education, 9)

This book addresses policies and strategies on internationalization across very different higher education systems globally, including inter alia from South America, Asia and Africa. The volume zooms in on the interplay between the national, institutional and “human” levels of internationalization. The latter is especially novel in that it pays particular attention to how internationalization shapes individuals – rather than only to the effects on student learning or research productivity. The work expounds on (a) the role of internationalization in fostering ethical forms of integration and preparing citizens to engage in dialogue across those differences, (b) the possible trade-offs between private benefits and negative social effects, and (c) the contribution of internationalization to a “ global community of minds ” . By discussing the human dimension, it becomes clear how internationalization can contribute to defining unique ways to confront today’s societal challenges. Moreover, as the world is facing unprecedented challenges in the wake of the coronavirus, a specific chapter examines how the pandemic has made diversity among different student groups more explicit and what implications this holds for the globalisation of higher education. A range of methodologies was adopted, including qualitative (case studies and interviews) and quantitative (e.g. surveys). The book draws on both strategic frameworks and research projects to provide new perspectives on how internationalization plays out, especially linking strategies with human impacts. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction: Developments in Internationalisation in the Twenty-First Century The Role of Government How Innovation and Technology Shape Internationalisation Increasing Ethical Awareness Overall Developments Worth Considering Research Over Student Mobility Internationalisation at Home Internationalisation as a Core Function to Fulfil a University’s Social Responsibility The Enthusiastic Views of Internationalisation References Part I: National Strategizing of Internationalisation in Evolving Policy Environments Chapter 2: Greek HEIs in the ERA: Internationalised Research and National Development – The Role of the University Introduction: Legislative Framework, Structural Organisation and Financial Resources Concerning Research in Greece The European Research Area Basic Aggregates for Greece Greece in the ERA: Research, Development and Innovation Government Policies Regarding Research, Development and Innovation: HEIs The Institutional Level: HEIs and Academics’ Perceptions Regarding Research in Greece Research Staff and PhD Holders in Greece: Analysis, Characteristics, Priorities Conclusion References Chapter 3: Internationalisation at Home: Critical Analysis of Challenges, Tensions and Obstacles in Finnish Higher Education Introduction Background/Context Internationalisation at Home Concept Findings and Recommendations of MoEC Report Research Design Findings/Analysis National Policy: Regulatory Challenges, Tensions and Obstacles Agency Theory National Funding Mechanism Interplay Between National and Institutional Levels: Lack of Agency and Incentives for Internationalisation at Home Institutional Level: Operationalisation Challenges, Tensions and Obstacles Segregation of International/Domestic Students Individual Level: Lack of Shared Understanding Unfamiliarity with the Concept Unquestioned Assumption: Internationalisation at Home Is Organically Occurring in Academic Fields That Are International Unquestioned Assumption: Internationalisation at Home Means Teaching in English Unquestioned Assumptions: Internationalisation at Home Means International Students and Staff Conclusion References Chapter 4: The State and Its Role in the Internationalisation Process of Higher Education in Argentina and the Reaction to COVID-19 Introduction Internationalisation: Concepts and Characteristics The Argentinean University System. Basic Features Internationalisation of Argentinean Higher Education in Numbers Internationalisation Policies in Argentina. Key Process Players Secretariat of University Policies – Ministry of Education National Department of Institutional Cooperation and Integration – Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation Department of Scientific and Technological Development – National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) Study Buenos Aires – Buenos Aires City Government Program – General Secretariat of International Relations Internationalisation in the Face of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities Conclusions References Chapter 5: Internationalisation of Higher Education in India: Deliberations on the Rationale, Strategies, Readiness and Impact Introduction Internationalisation of Higher Education in India: Current Scenario Regulatory Provisions in India Related to Internationalisation of Higher Education Internationalisation of Higher Education Students to and from India Inbound Students Outbound Students Internationalisation of Faculties of Higher Education Internationalisation of Programs and Institutions of Higher Education Internationalisation of Research (in terms of collaboration) in Higher Education Institutes Borderless Education and the Dissolving Geographical Boundaries COVID-19 and Its Impact on Internationalisation of Higher Education in India Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education in India and Its Implications on Internationalisation of Higher Education in India Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Stakeholders Associated with Higher Education Abroad Before Pandemic Arrival in India Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Stake-Holders Desirous to Associate with Higher Education Abroad Choices, Reasons and Perceptions of Indian Students Desirous to Pursue Higher Education Abroad Choices, Rationale and Perceptions of Students Desirous to Study Abroad Experiences, and Challenges for Inbound Students and Responses by Higher Education System in India Conclusion References Part II: The Institutional Strategic Treatment of Internationalisation Chapter 6: Regional Universities Around the World: An Analysis of Single Campus, Multi-campus and Virtual Models Introduction Objectives and Information Sources Differentiating Regional Universities from Other Types of International Higher Education Institutions Identification and Overview of Regional Universities Around the World Proposed Typology for Regional Universities Comparative Analysis of Regional Universities Founding Dates Language of Instruction Rationales Governance and Funding Enrolments and Program Offerings Issues for Further Research and Reflection References Chapter 7: Internationalisation of Finnish Higher Education as a Policy Driver in a Merger Process: Towards Competition, Collaboration, or Sustainability? Introduction Discourses and Aspects of Internationalisation in Higher Education Higher Education Internationalisation Policies in Finland Higher Education Merger Policies in Finland Towards a More International Tampere University: Merger as a Tool for Internationalisation A More Competitive, Collaborative and Sustainable New University? The Tampere University Action Plan for Internationalisation Conclusion Analysed Material References Chapter 8: University Internationalisation: The Impact of the COVID Experience in a Global-South University Introduction A Brief Overview of Brazilian Higher Education Policies and the Position Occupied by the Policies for Internationalisation The University of São Paulo’s Experience The Birth of a New Policy Area Inside University of São Paulo: Internationalisation Institutional Building and Internationalisation at USP: The Pre-conditions for Internationalisation at a Distance The Impact of the COVID Experience The Dark Face of Remote Internationalisation: Deepening Inequalities Shifting Behaviour Patterns in Internationalisation of Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic Final Remarks References Chapter 9: Institutional Strategic Treatment of Internationalisation in Flanders Introduction Institute of Tropical Medicine Background Internationalisation Internationalisation Strategy and Policy An International Student Target Audience International Cooperation Alumni Policy Inclusive Education KU Leuven Background Internationalisation Policy An International Student Body International Cooperation Development Cooperation Alumni Policy Inclusive Education Conclusion and Discussion References Part III: Humans on the Move – Or Not: Brain Networking, Provider Mobility, Private Benefits and Social Losses Chapter 10: National Strategies of Internationalisation: The Case of Hungary Hungarian Higher Education Since 2010 Hungary’s Standing in Internationalisation, 2020 The Internationalisation Policy of the Hungarian Government Internationalisation at the Major Hungarian Universities The Human Dimension of Internationalisation Sources of Information International Students in Hungary Hungarian Students Abroad The Pandemic and Internationalisation Education Policy Background Education During the Pandemic Research on Education During the Pandemic Conclusions for the Educational Policy Summary and Conclusions Summary Conclusions Annexes References Chapter 11: Internationalisation and Social Responsibility in Ethiopian Higher Education Introduction Methodology Ethiopia and Its Higher Education IHE in Ethiopia USR in Ethiopia The Relation Between IHE and USR Factors Potentially Affecting Implementation of Internationalisation and Social Responsibility in Ethiopia Lack of Institutional Policies and Strategies Lack of Emphasis on Moral, Ethics, Values and Principles Lack of Funding and Collaboration and Partnership Lack of Emphasis on Community Service Lack of Data Conclusion and Implications References Chapter 12: Internationalisation in Increasingly Decolonising Global South University Sectors: A Prospective View of Opportunities and Challenges Introduction The Context of Higher Education Conceptual Definitions The Notion of North–South in the Global Context Internationalisation Decolonisation as an Emerging Discourse in the Global South Discussion of Assumptions Behind Internationalisation and Decolonisation References Chapter 13: Ten Facts About Internationalising Higher Education Online: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? Introduction Internationalisation Abroad or Internationalisation at Home? The Good: Benefits It Increases the Accessibility of Higher Education at a Global Scale It Increases Diversity in a Course Community It Increases Revenue for Higher Education Institutions The Bad: Problems It May Be Accessible But Not Necessarily Affordable It May Increase the Diversity of Students But Not of Curricula It May Increase the Revenue by Decreasing the Quality of Educational Provision It May Make Rich Universities Richer and Poor Universities Poorer The Ugly: Dangers Issues with Negative Learning Experiences of Online International Students Issues with Stigmatisation and Bias Against Online International Students Issues with the Western Colonisation of Online Higher Education Conclusion References Chapter 14: Conclusions: Reconfiguring Internationalisation in Global Higher Education: Converging the Nations, the Institutions and the Humans