Reconciliation after Civil Wars: Global Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Modern History)

"How do former enemies reconcile after civil wars? Do they ever really reconcile in any complete sense? How is political reunification related to longer-term cultural reintegration? Bringing together experts on civil wars around the modern world - the United States, Spain, Rwanda, Colombia, Russia, and more - this volume provides comparative and transnational analysis of the challenges that arise in the aftermath of civil war"-- Provided by publisher Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface 11 List of contributors 14 1. Introduction: Reconciliation: Civil war by other means 18 Notes 28 Bibliography 29 PART I: Post-civil war reconciliation in our time 32 2. Reconciliation challenges in post-genocide Rwanda 34 Introduction 34 The brutality of the genocide and other serious crimes 35 One-sided transitional justice 37 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 38 Rwanda’s ordinary courts 39 Gacaca courts 40 Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) 41 Monopoly of power by one ethnic group 43 Consensus democracy 45 Conclusion 47 Notes 47 Bibliography 49 3. War and peace in Colombia: The impact of the peace accords on local communities 52 The origins of the war with the FARC 52 Armed conflict beyond the Cold War 53 The 2012–2016 peace process with the FARC 54 The human toll of armed conflict 55 Community-based approaches to peace and reconciliation 56 ARDECAN 57 FUSFI 58 Agroarte 59 Three examples of peace from below 61 Concluding remarks 63 NOTES 63 Bibliography 65 4. Political violence, civil war and the paths of national reconciliation in Côte d’Ivoire 66 Transitional justice and reconciliation in the literature 67 Côte d’Ivoire, from prosperity to poverty and political divisions: the pathways to civil war 68 Transitional justice in Côte d’Ivoire: coping with international norms under the gaze of the former colonial power 69 A tradition of instrumental approaches that leads to divisions: experiences from the Reconciliation Forum (2001) and the Commission of Truth, Dialogue and Reconciliation (2011–2015) 71 The forum of reconciliation, the “Estates-General of the Republic” or “general amnesty”? 72 A socioemotional learning falling apart, or, when each camp fixates upon certain symbolic representations of the conflict 73 A distributive learning impeded by political exclusion 74 Conclusion 76 Notes 77 Bibliography 78 PART II: Problems of reconciliation in twentieth-century Europe 82 5. The Russian Civil War: Is national reconciliation possible? 84 Notes 92 Bibliography 94 6. Franco’s peace: Fighting the Spanish Civil War, 1939–1975 97 NOTES 109 Bibliography 112 7. The Italian Social Republic, the Second World War and the memory of the “vanquished” 115 “Exiles in the homeland” 115 July 25, September 8, 1943 and civil war 115 The Fascist choice 116 A world that ends 121 “Us” and “them”: the end of the war, post-insurrectional violence and concentration camps 123 The memories of the “vanquished”: private memory 124 The memory of the “vanquished”: public memory 125 Conclusions 125 Notes 126 Bibliography 127 PART III: Memory and reconciliation after the US Civil War 130 8. Lee returns to the Capitol: A case study in reconciliation and its limits 132 Notes 141 Bibliography 145 9. The persistence of memory: African Americans and transitional justice efforts in Franklin County, Pennsylvania 148 The Gettysburg campaign, civilian trauma and origins of memory 149 Reparations: the gendered politics of reunification 155 Race, truth, and the path toward reconciliation 157 Conclusion 160 Notes 161 Bibliography 164 10. No more shall the winding rivers be red: The role of regionalism in sectional reconciliation 167 Notes 179 Bibliography 181 11. Beyond memory: The U.S. South and the emotional politics of reconciliation 184 NOTES 196 Bibliography 198 PART IV: The US Civil War in transnational perspective 202 12. To “heal the wounded spirit”: Former Confederates’ international perspective on Reconstruction and reconciliation 204 Notes 216 Bibliography 218 13. “Save our heritage”: Contested reconciliation of mid-nineteenth-century separatist movements 220 Notes 228 Bibliography 230 14. Reconciliation as a political strategy: The United States after its Civil War 234 Notes 246 Bibliography 247 PART V: Processes of reconciliation 250 15. Fostering peace after civil war: When should civil society participate? 252 Civil society and resolving civil wars: the case of UNSCR1325 253 Hindering the cause of peace? Civil society at the bargaining table 255 Delays to the peace process 256 Unjustified assumption of unified interests 259 Disappointed expectations 260 Is it all in the Timing? Civil society and the implementation of peace agreements 261 Conclusions 264 Notes 265 Bibliography 266 16. United we heal, divided we reconcile: Group solidarity and the problem of status after civil conflicts 268 On conflict, trauma, and reconciliation 269 Civil conflicts and victimization 270 On status 272 Healing, reconciliation and the problem of status 274 Conclusion 277 Notes 278 Bibliography 280 Index 282 Reconciliation : civil war by other means / Paul Quigley -- Reconciliation challenges in post-genocide Rwanda / Joseph Sebarenzi -- War and peace in Colombia : the impact of the peace accords on local communities / Paula Lezama and Rachel May -- Political violence, civil war and the paths of national reconciliation in Côte d'Ivoire / Adou Djané Dit Fatogoma -- The Russian Civil War : is national reconciliation possible? / Sergey Vedernikov -- Franco's peace : fighting the Spanish Civil War, 1939-1975 / Julius Ruiz -- The Civil War, the Italian social republic and the memory of the "vanquished" / Federico Ciavattone -- Lee returns to the capitol : a case study in reconciliation and its limits / Robert Colby -- The persistence of memory : African Americans and transitional justice efforts in Franklin County, Pennsylvania / Hilary Green -- No more shall the winding rivers be red : the role of regionalism in sectional reconciliation / Matthew Stanley -- Beyond memory : the U.S. South and the emotional politics of reconciliation / Sarah Bowman -- To "heal the wounded spirit" : former Confederates' international perspective on reconstruction and reconciliation / Ann Tucker -- "Save our heritage" : contested reconciliation of mid-nineteenth century separatist movements / Niels Eichhorn -- Reconciliation as a political strategy : the United States after its Civil War / William Blair -- Fostering peace after Civil War : when should civil society participate? / Matthew Hoddie and Joseph Rudolph -- United we heal, divided we reconcile : group solidarity and the problem of status after civil conflicts / James Hawdon