Reciprocity in Human Societies : From Ancient Times to the Modern Welfare State

Presenting new insights into reciprocity, this book combines Marcel Mauss’s well-known gift theory with Barrington Moore’s idea of mutual obligations linking rulers and the ruled. Teasing out the interrelatedness of these approaches, __Reciprocity in Human Societies__ suggests that evolutionary psychology reveals a human tendency for reciprocity and collaboration, not only in a mutually cooperative way but also through increasing retributive moral emotions. The book discusses various historical societies and the different models of the current welfare state—Nordic (social democratic), conservative, and liberal— and the repercussions of the neoliberal policies of tax havens, tax cuts, and austerity with a cross-disciplinary approach that bridges evolutionary psychology, sociology, and social anthropology with history. Preface 5 Contents 7 List of Figures 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Evolutionary Roots of Reciprocity 10 Mutual Obligations and Gift Exchange 16 The Structure of This Book 22 References 25 Chapter 2 Inca and Maya Reciprocity 28 “One Must Have Lost All Fear of God to Commit Such Iniquities” 35 Maya Reciprocity 38 References 42 Chapter 3 The Indian Gift and Village Servants 45 The Indian Village Servants 49 The Dismantling of Reciprocity 51 References 54 Chapter 4 Moral Obligations in Early Modern Japan 56 References 61 Chapter 5 Gift Exchange and Reciprocity in the Nordic Countries 63 The Swedish Social Contract 66 Relief Aid in Finland During the Famine of 1696–1697 73 Poor Relief in Europe and China 75 References 78 Chapter 6 Reciprocity in the French Army in the First World War and in the Finnish Army in 1941–1944 82 The Revolt of French Citizen-Soldiers in the First World War 83 The Finnish Citizen-Soldiers of the Continuation War of 1941–1944 88 References 104 Chapter 7 The Modern Welfare State 107 The Emergence of the Modern Welfare States 108 The Typology of Welfare States 113 Reciprocity and Models of the Welfare State 116 The Nordic Model 120 Trust 126 Social Mobility 130 Universalism 134 Cracks in the Façade 137 Differences in Health 141 Reciprocity Underlying the Nordic Welfare State 144 References 149 Chapter 8 Inequality in the United States and Other Industrialized Countries 157 The Economic Crisis of Europe and Finland 169 The American Model—Winner Takes All 177 References 207 Chapter 9 Reciprocity Past and Present 211 Index 219 Front Matter ....Pages i-ix Introduction (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 1-19 Inca and Maya Reciprocity (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 21-37 The Indian Gift and Village Servants (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 39-49 Moral Obligations in Early Modern Japan (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 51-57 Gift Exchange and Reciprocity in the Nordic Countries (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 59-77 Reciprocity in the French Army in the First World War and in the Finnish Army in 1941–1944 (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 79-103 The Modern Welfare State (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 105-154 Inequality in the United States and Other Industrialized Countries (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 155-208 Reciprocity Past and Present (Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka)....Pages 209-216 Back Matter ....Pages 217-225 Presenting new insights into reciprocity, this book combines Marcel Mauss's well-known gift theory with Barrington Moore's idea of mutual obligations linking rulers and the ruled. Teasing out the interrelatedness of these approaches, Reciprocity in Human Societies suggests that evolutionary psychology reveals a human tendency for reciprocity and collaboration, not only in a mutually cooperative way but also through increasing retributive moral emotions. The book discusses various historical societies and the different models of the current welfare state--Nordic (social democratic), conservative, and liberal-- and the repercussions of the neoliberal policies of tax havens, tax cuts, and austerity with a cross-disciplinary approach that bridges evolutionary psychology, sociology, and social anthropology with history.-- Provided by publisher Antti Kujala, Mirkka Danielsbacka. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Also Available In Electronic Format.