روندهای اخیر در نانوتکنولوژی به سوی بیماری‌های CNS: نانوذرات مبتنی بر لیپید و اگزوزوم‌ها برای تحویل درمانی هدفمند

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases constitute a set of challenging pathological conditions concerning diagnosis and therapeutics. For most of these disorders, there is a lack of early diagnosis, biomarkers to allow proper follow-up of disease progression and effective therapeutic strategies to allow a persistent cure. The poor prognosis of most CNS diseases is, therefore, a global concern, especially regarding chronic age-related neurodegenerative disorders, which are already considered problems of public health due to the increasing average of life expectancy. The difficulties associated with the treatment of CNS diseases are owed, at least in part, to very specific characteristics of the brain and spinal cord, when compared to peripheral organs. In this regard, the CNS is physically and chemically protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which, while maintaining essential brain homeostasis, significantly restricts the delivery of most therapeutic agents to the brain parenchyma. On the other hand, regenerative properties of the tissue are lacking, meaning that a CNS insult resulting in neuronal death is a permanent phenomenon. Approaches for transposing the BBB aiming to treat CNS diseases, relying on specific properties of nanosystems, have been reported for therapeutic delivery to CNS without interfering with the normal function of the brain. In this chapter, we address the latest advances concerning the principles of such approaches, employing lipid-based nanoparticles and cell-produced exosomes as drug and nucleic acid delivery systems, and summarize recent example of applications in the context of neurological diseases. Major achievements obtained in preclinical studies and the trends identified by these studies are emphasized to provide new prospects for further developments in this area, thus enabling us to move from the research realm to the clinical arena. Content: Series Page Page ii Copyright Page iv Contributors Pages ix-x Preface Pages xi-xiv Khuloud T. Al-Jamal Chapter One - Recent Trends in Nanotechnology Toward CNS Diseases: Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Exosomes for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery Pages 1-40 A.M. Cardoso, J.R. Guedes, A.L. Cardoso, C. Morais, P. Cunha, A.T. Viegas, R. Costa, A. Jurado, M.C. Pedroso de Lima Chapter Two - From the Blood to the Central Nervous System: A Nanoparticle's Journey Through the Blood–Brain Barrier by Transcytosis Pages 41-72 G. Fullstone, S. Nyberg, X. Tian, G. Battaglia Chapter Three - Application of Nanomedicine to the CNS Diseases Pages 73-113 D. Carradori, A. Gaudin, D. Brambilla, K. Andrieux Chapter Four - Carbohydrate Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery Pages 115-153 A. Lalatsa, E. Barbu Chapter Five - Gold Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Transport to the CNS Pages 155-198 D. Male, R. Gromnicova, C. McQuaid Chapter Six - Metal Nanoparticles as Targeted Carriers Circumventing the Blood–Brain Barrier Pages 199-227 A.C. Sintov, C. Velasco-Aguirre, E. Gallardo-Toledo, E. Araya, M.J. Kogan Chapter Seven - Current Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes Application in Neurology Pages 229-263 H. Kafa, J.T.-W. Wang, K.T. Al-Jamal Index Pages 265-271 Contents of Recent Volumes Pages 273-320 Nanotechnology and the Brain , the latest edition in the International Review of Neurobiology series is well-known for its appeal to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Written by an internationally renowned expert in the field, this volume focuses on the application of nanotechnology in the brain, covering blood brain barrier biology and how nanoparticles should be engineered to tackle this barrier. Covers a wide range of nanoparticles in dedicated chapters Focuses on the application of nanotechnology in the brain, shedding light on blood brain barrier biology and nanoparticles engineering Contains the diverse expertise of renowned contributors