Recent Trends in Cancer Therapeutics: Plasmonic Photothermal-Based Multimodal Cancer Therapy (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

This book describes the plasmonic photothermal-assisted multimodal cancer therapeutics in the area of cancer nanotechnology or cancer nanomedicine. This book covers the fundamentals of plasmonic photothermal cancer therapy as well as plasmonic photothermal mediated multimodal cancer therapy. The various steps involved in developing such therapeutic modality, viz. (a) the selection of suitable nanoparticles, (b) synthesis of multifunctional nanocomposite, (c) optimization of the photosensitizer and chemotherapeutic drug loadings, (d) characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite, and (e) therapeutic evaluations through novel tumor-tissue mimicking phantoms and the cancer cell lines are discussed in detail. Apart from the detailed description of therapeutic outcome, this book provides a step-by-step approach to develop a multifunctional nanocomposite for such therapeutics. Overall, this book provides simplified and in-depth information about cancer nanobiotechnology to the researchers and graduate students in subject areas of nanotechnology, biotechnology and pharmaceutics to develop and contribute to such multimodal cancer therapeutics. Preface Contents About the Authors Nomenclature Abbreviations English Symbols Greek Symbols Subscripts 1 Introduction to Plasmonic Photothermal-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapeutics 1.1 Cancer 1.1.1 Causes of Cancer 1.1.2 Global Burden of Cancer 1.2 Available Cancer Treatments 1.2.1 Surgery 1.2.2 Radiotherapy 1.2.3 Chemotherapy 1.2.4 Immunotherapy 1.2.5 Gene Therapy 1.2.6 Thermal Therapies 1.3 Nanotechnology-Mediated Phototherapies for Cancer Treatment 1.3.1 Photodynamic Therapy 1.3.2 Photothermal Therapy 1.3.3 Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy 1.4 Multimodal Cancer Therapy 1.4.1 PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Treatment Modalities 1.4.2 Steps of PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 1.5 Outline of This Book References 2 Choice of Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Photothermal-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 2.1 Selection Criteria of Nanoparticles for PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 2.1.1 Plasmonic Response of Nanoparticle 2.1.2 Photothermal Conversion Efficiency 2.1.3 Structural Dimensions 2.1.4 Biocompatibility 2.1.5 Ease of Surface Functionalization 2.2 Commonly Used Nanoparticles of Various Materials for PPTT 2.2.1 Gold-Based Nanoparticles 2.2.2 Copper-Chalcogenide-Based Nanostructures 2.2.3 Palladium-Based Nanostructures 2.3 Gold Nanostructures: Potential Choice as PPTT Agents 2.4 Current Update on the Clinical Trials for Gold Nanoparticle-Based PPTT 2.5 Gold-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites for PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy References 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanocomposites 3.1 Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanocomposites 3.1.1 Synthesis of Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy (PPTT) Agent 3.1.2 Surface Functionalization of PPTT Agent 3.2 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of PPTT Agent and Multifunctional Nanocomposite 3.2.1 UV–Visible NIR Spectroscopy 3.2.2 Electron Microscopy 3.2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 3.2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 3.2.5 X-Ray Diffraction 3.2.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 3.2.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy 3.3 Characterization of Therapeutic Effects of the Synthesized Multifunctional Nanocomposite 3.3.1 Characterization of Photothermal Response 3.3.2 Characterization of Other Therapeutic Effects in Synergism with PPTT 3.4 Characterization of Biological Properties of the Synthesized Multifunctional Nanocomposite 3.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanocomposite—A Case Study of Multifunctional Gold Nanoblackbodies 3.5.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanoblackbodies 3.5.2 Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoblackbodies 3.5.3 Characterization of the Synthesized Multifunctional Gold Nanoblackbodies References 4 Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Photothermal Performance Evaluations 4.1 Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms 4.2 Steps for Photothermal Evaluation of the Synthesized Nanoparticles Through Phantoms 4.2.1 Preparation of Phantoms 4.2.2 Experimental Setup 4.2.3 NIR Irradiation and Temperature Monitoring 4.3 Constituents of Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms 4.3.1 Base Material or Matrix 4.3.2 Scattering Constituents of Phantom 4.3.3 Absorption Constituents of Phantom 4.4 Various Tissue Phantoms Reported in the Literature 4.5 Various Methods for the Evaluation of Photothermal Response Within Phantoms 4.5.1 Colorimetric Method 4.5.2 Infrared (IR) Thermography 4.5.3 Magnetic Resonance Thermometry 4.5.4 Photoacoustic Thermometry 4.5.5 Thermocouples-Based Temperature Monitoring 4.6 Photothermal Evaluation of Synthesized Multifunctional Nanocomposite on Phantoms—A Case Study of Multifunctional Gold Nanoblackbodies 4.6.1 Preparation of Breast Tumor-Tissue-Mimicking Phantom 4.6.2 Experimental Setup 4.6.3 NIR Irradiation and Temperature Monitoring References 5 In Vitro Evaluations of Multifunctional Nanocomposite for Multimodal Cancer Therapy 5.1 Cell Viability Assays Relevant to PPTT or PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 5.1.1 Qualitative Assays 5.1.2 Quantitative Assays 5.2 In Vitro Assays Suitable for PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 5.2.1 Dye Exclusion Assays 5.2.2 Colorimetric Assays 5.2.3 Fluorometric Assays 5.3 Applications of in Vitro Assays in PPTT-Assisted Multimodal Cancer Therapy 5.3.1 Biocompatibility of the Synthesized Multifunctional Nanocomposite 5.3.2 Assessment of Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles 5.3.3 Investigation of Other Therapeutic Effects in Synergism with PPTT 5.3.4 Evaluation of Therapeutic Outcome References