Recent Developments in Prophylactic Immunization

It has been said that "never in the history of human progress has a better and cheaper method of preventing illness been developed than immunization". This is well illustrated by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) which in developing countries is now preventing nearly a million deaths annually from measles, pertussis and neonatal tetanus, and for which there is a commitment by the WHO and UNICEF to protect all children by immunization by the end of the decade. This enormous undertaking will be facilitated by the rapid advances in molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology, in the understanding of immunological mechanisms and by the production and application of monoclonal antibodies so that the structure and location of important antigenic determinants or epitopes can be determined. Chemical synthesis of oligopeptides has been simplified, and computer programmes and X-ray crystallography provide the tools for the determination of three-dimensional structure of proteins, so that the structure and location of important antigenic determinants or epitopes can be predicted. These techniques have opened the way to the improvement of existing vaccines and to the development and production of new vaccines against infections for which vaccines are not available. New vaccines under development include vaccines against hepatitis B, hepatitis A, malaria, vaccines for typhoid, cholera, rota virus infection and other diarrhoeal diseases, leprosy, rabies, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), rubella, EB virus, schistosomiasis and other infections. These recent developments are discussed in the volume by internationally recognized experts assembled from several countries. Front Matter....Pages i-x Pertussis vaccines....Pages 1-19 Meningoccal vaccines....Pages 20-46 Vaccines for the protection of the gastrointestinal tract against bacterial infection....Pages 47-61 Immunization against leprosy....Pages 62-73 Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunization....Pages 74-85 Varicella vaccines....Pages 86-96 The application of molecular biology to the development of new vaccines against poliomyelitis....Pages 97-113 Rabies vaccines....Pages 114-154 Rubella vaccines....Pages 155-180 Hepatitis B and A vaccines....Pages 181-209 Chemical synthesis of hepatitis B vaccine....Pages 210-242 Prospects of immunization against EB virus....Pages 243-254 The development of vaccines against AIDS....Pages 255-288 Prospects for the development of a vaccine for schistosomiasis....Pages 289-312 Recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines....Pages 313-333 Back Matter....Pages 334-340