Recent Advances in Hybrid and Electric Automotive Technologies: Select Proceedings of HEAT 2021 (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)

This book presents the select proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Electric Automotive Technologies 2021 (HEAT 2021). It cover recent innovations in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles. Various topics covered in this volume are batteries, battery cooling methodologies, use of nano-coolants, electrified powertrain systems and components, hybridisation infrastructure, energy storage, and many other topics of importance to the industry. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of automobile and vehicle engineering. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors Placement Optimization for Field Effect Transistors 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Problem Formulation 2.2 PCB Modelling 2.3 Optimization Methodology 3 Mesh Independence Study 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Simulation Results 4.2 Optimization Results 5 Conclusion References A Simplified Thermal Model to Predict Temperature Profile and Heat Generation of Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Cells 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Modeling 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Model Description 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation of One-Dimensional Radial Analytical Model 3.2 Effect of Forced Convection on the Temperature Profile 4 Conclusions References Mathematical Modeling and Parametric FEM Study on the Thermal Management of a Rectangular Microchannel Heat Sink 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Problem Formulation 3 Mathematical Model 3.1 Creating a Mathematical Model for Wall Surface Temperature 3.2 Parametric Study 3.3 Maximum Wall Surface Temperature 3.4 Pressure Drop Across Microchannel 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Creating a Mathematical Model for Wall Surface Temperature 4.2 Parametric Study: Maximum Wall Surface Temperature 4.3 Parametric Study: Pressure Drop Across Microchannel 5 Conclusion References Production of Cotton Seed Biodiesel and Its Usage in a C I Engine with Methyl Ester and A12O3 Additives 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Biodiesel Production 2.2 Preparation of Biodiesel Blends with and Without Addition of Aluminum Oxide Nano Particle 2.3 Experimental Details and Instruments Used 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Al2O3 Additive on Cotton Seed Oil Properties 3.2 Effect of Al2O3 Additive on Engine Performances 4 Conclusions References Tribological and Rheological Studies of Polyolester (POE) Oil and POE + alumina nanolubricant and its effect on the Performance of a Refrigeration System 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Lubricant and Nanoparticles Used 2.2 Preparation and Stability Analysis of Nanolubricant 2.3 Assessment of Rheological Properties 2.4 Assessment of Tribological Properties 2.5 Experimental Setup and Instrumentation for the Performance Study 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Dispersal Stability of POE+alumina Nanolubricant 3.2 Rheological Physiognomies of POE+alumina Nanolubricant 3.3 Tribological Characteristics of POE+alumina Nanolubricant 3.4 Influence of POE+alumina Nanolubricant on the Pull-Down Time and Cooling Capacity 3.5 Influence of POE+alumina Nanolubricant on the Compressor Energy Consumption 3.6 Influence of POE+alumina Nanolubricant on the COP of the System 4 Conclusions References Aerodynamic Effect on Lift Characteristics of a Sedan Car Due to Attached Wing 1 Introduction 2 Tire Loads and Nozzle Effect 3 Test Model 4 Results and Discussion 5 Summary/Conclusions References Modelling and Analysis of Brake Disc with Various Profiles for EN31 Material 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Software Used 2.2 Material Selection 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Production of Biodiesel Using Temple Waste Oil 1 Introduction 1.1 Alternative Fuels 1.2 Biodiesel 2 Literature Survey 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Collection of Temple Waste Oil 3.2 Biodiesel Preparation 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Physical Characteristics of TWOB and Its Blends 5 Conclusion References Experimental Analysis of a Counter Flow Plate Heat Exchanger by Using Nanofluids at Different Concentrations 1 Introduction 2 Word Methodology 2.1 Preparation of Nanofluids 2.2 Experimental Setup 3 Heat Transfer Rate and Nanofluid Properties’ Evaluation 3.1 Heat Transfer Rate 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Design Evaluation in Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS): A Multi-Objective Squirrel Search Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Problem Formulation 4 Proposed System Module 4.1 Objective Function 4.2 Squirrel Search Algorithm 5 Result and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Development of Drive Cycle and Resultant Powertrain Calculations of Electric Bicycle 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Conclusion References Dynamic Analysis of Electric Train Bogie Using MATLAB Simulink 1 Introduction 1.1 Need of This Research in Railways 2 Structure of a Railway Coach 2.1 Degrees of Freedom of a Coach 2.2 Principles of Force Transmissions 3 Analytical Modelling of the Quarter Suspension System 3.1 Free Body Diagrams 3.2 Equations of Motion 4 Equivalent Simulink Model of the Quarter Suspension System 4.1 Step Input 5 Results 5.1 Displacements of Masses m1, m2, and m3 5.2 Velocities of Masses m1, m2, and m3 5.3 Accelerations of Masses m1, m2, and m3 5.4 Summary of Simulation Results 6 Inference 7 Conclusion References Design and Development of Electric Powertrain for a Proposed Three-Wheel Personal Mobility Vehicle 1 Introduction 1.1 Electric Motor Versus IC Engine 1.2 Electric Powertrain 1.3 Challenges in City Mobility—Last Mile Connectivity 1.4 Three Wheelers 2 Literature Review 2.1 Problem Statement 2.2 Vehicle Parameters 2.3 Methodology 3 Driving Cycle 3.1 Available Driving Cycles 4 Motor Sizing 4.1 Procedure 4.2 Quasi-Static Simulation (QSS) Approach 4.3 Vehicle Driving Forces 4.4 Vehicle Parameters 4.5 Gear Reduction 4.6 Torque Requirements 4.7 Power Requirements 4.8 Motor Availability 5 Reduction Ratio 5.1 Torque and Speed Requirements of the Vehicle 5.2 Ratio Finalization 6 Battery Sizing 6.1 Why is Sizing Required? 6.2 Preliminary Battery Calculations 6.3 Battery Sizing Using QSS 7 Final Drive Integration 7.1 Drive Selection 7.2 First Stage Reduction—Gearbox 7.3 Second Stage Reduction—Chain and Sprocket 7.4 Drivetrain Integration 8 Analysis 8.1 Modal Analysis 8.2 Motor Operating Range 8.3 Modal Analysis of Various Components 8.4 Static Structural Analysis 8.5 Structural Analysis of Gears 8.6 Structural Analysis of Gearbox Casing 8.7 Structural Analysis of Sprockets and Couplings 8.8 Results 9 Results and Conclusions References Artificial Intelligence-Based Trajectory Planning for Driverless Vehicles—A Review 1 Introduction 2 AI-Based Safe Lane Changing Algorithms 2.1 AI Logic-Based Algorithms 2.2 AI-Heuristics 2.3 AI-Based Approximate Reasoning 2.4 AI–Human-Like Convolutional Neural Network 3 Conclusion and Future Scope References An Automatic Indian Traffic Signs Detection and Recognition System Using OpenCV 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Traffic Sign Detection 3.1 Shape Detection 3.2 Color Segmentation 4 Traffic Sign Recognition 4.1 Indian Traffic Signs Characteristics and Classification 4.2 ROI Segmentation and Matching 5 Results and Conclusion References A Waypoint Tracking Controller for Autonomous Vehicles Using CARLA Simulator 1 Introduction 2 Controller Design 2.1 Waypoints and Reference Speed Profile 2.2 Longitudinal Control 2.3 Lateral Control 3 Simulation 4 Results and Conclusion References An Economic Feasibility Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Liquid Cooled Battery Thermal Management System for 3S2P Li-Ion Battery Configuration 1 Introduction 1.1 Types of Battery Cooling Systems 1.2 Innovations in Battery Solutions 2 Methodology 2.1 Modelling and Meshing 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.3 Thermal Behaviour 3 Result Analysis 3.1 Thermal Behaviour 3.2 Cooling of 3s2p 4 Conclusion References Implementation of Multi-carrier Modulation Techniques to Increase Image Quality for Underwater Sonar Image Transmission 1 Introduction 2 Single-carrier FDMA 3 Multi-carrier Modulation 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 5 Uncoded OFDM 6 Proposed System 7 Channel 8 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) 9 Bit error rate (BER) 10 Results 11 Results 12 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) 13 Results 14 Applications 15 Conclusion Bibliography Design and Analysis of Skateboard Chassis 1 Introduction 2 Design Consideration for Skateboard Chassis 2.1 CATIA V5 R20 2.2 Design Concepts 2.3 Parameters Comparison 3 Structural and Modal Analysis of Skateboard Chassis 4 Structural Analysis on Different Materials 5 Modal Analysis 6 Results and Discussions 7 Conclusion References Electro-Thermal Model for Field Effective Transistors 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Mathematical Model 2.2 Simulation Setup 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation 3.2 Results 4 Conclusions References A Parametric CFD Study on the Cooling Capability of a Rectangular Channel Heat Sink 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 2 Methodology 2.1 Validation of Paper by Quadir et al. [2] 2.2 Heat Sink with Rectangular Channels 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Validation of Research Paper by Quadir et al. [2] 3.2 Parametric Sweep 4 Conclusions References Estimation of Tire Scaling Coefficients and Simulation of On-Road Vehicle Behaviour 1 Introduction 2 Testing of Formula Student Car 2.1 Instrumentation 2.2 Testing and Data Logging 3 Data Processing 4 Building Simulation Model 4.1 Brake Parameters 4.2 Suspension Parameters 4.3 Powertrain Parameters 4.4 Vehicle Body Parameters 4.5 Tire Parameters 4.6 Static Equilibrium Test 4.7 Skid-Pad Simulation 4.8 MMM Diagram for Steady State Simulation 5 Results References Multivariable Load Prediction Using LSTM 1 Introduction 2 Conception 3 Working and Output 4 Conclusion References