Reasoning Web. Semantic Interoperability on the Web: 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Book 10370)

This volume contains the lecture notes of the 13th Reasoning Web Summer School, RW 2017, held in London, UK, in July 2017. In 2017, the theme of the school was "Semantic Interoperability on the Web", which encompasses subjects such as data integration, open data management, reasoning over linked data, database to ontology mapping, query answering over ontologies, hybrid reasoning with rules and ontologies, and ontology-based dynamic systems. The papers of this volume focus on these topics and also address foundational reasoning techniques used in answer set programming and ontologies. Preface 6 Organization 8 Contents 11 Data Integration for Open Data on the Web 12 1 Introduction 12 2 Where to Find Web Data? 14 3 Data Formats on the Web 17 3.1 Graph-Based Formats 19 3.2 Tree-Shaped Formats 20 3.3 Tabular Data Formats 21 3.4 Data Formats -- Summary 22 4 Licensing and Provenance of Data 23 4.1 Open Data Licensing in Practice 23 4.2 Making Licenses Machine-Readable 24 4.3 Tracking the Provenance of Data 26 5 Metadata Quality Issues and Vocabularies 27 5.1 Heterogeneous Metadata Descriptions 27 5.2 Homogenizing Metadata Using DCAT and Other Metadata Vocabularies 29 6 Searchability and Semantic Annotation 30 6.1 Open Data Search: State of the Art 31 6.2 Annotation, Labelling, and Integration of Tabular Data 33 7 Conclusions, Including Further Issues and Challenges 34 References 35 Ontological Query Answering over Semantic Data 40 1 Introduction 40 2 Semantic Data Representation 41 3 Ontological Data Descriptions 47 4 Semantic Data Access 52 4.1 Implicit Knowledge Materialization 54 4.2 Query Rewriting 56 4.3 The Rapid Query Rewriting System 59 5 Semantic Data Representation in the Web 66 5.1 RDF 66 5.2 OWL 2 67 5.3 R2RML 68 5.4 SPARQL 69 6 Conclusions 70 References 71 Ontology Querying: Datalog Strikes Back 75 References 77 Integrating Relational Databases with the Semantic Web: A Reflection 79 1 Introduction 79 2 Preliminaries 80 2.1 Running Example 81 2.2 Relational Databases 81 2.3 Semantic Web 82 2.4 SPARQL 86 3 From Relational Databases to the Semantic Web: Mappings 87 3.1 W3C Direct Mapping 87 3.2 DM: Direct Mapping as Ontology 89 3.3 W3C R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language 95 3.4 Relational Databases to RDF Mappings 101 4 From the Semantic Web to Relational Databases: Data Access 103 4.1 SPARQL to SQL Rewriting with Direct Mapping 104 4.2 Ontology-Based Data Access 112 5 Relational Databases and Semantic Web in Practice 120 5.1 A Real World Example 120 5.2 Where Do Ontologies and Mappings Come From? 120 6 Conclusion 124 6.1 Open Problems 125 References 127 Datalog Revisited for Reasoning in Linked Data 132 1 Introduction 132 2 Datalog Rules on Top of RDF Datasets 133 2.1 RDF Datasets in Linked Data 133 2.2 Queries over RDF Datasets in Linked Data 134 2.3 Deductive RDF Datasets 134 3 Rule-Based Data Linkage 136 3.1 Logical Approach for Data Linkage 4 137 3.2 Reasoning over Uncertain RDF Facts and Rules 3 145 3.3 Rule-Based Data Linkage with Uncertainty 152 3.4 Experimental Evaluation 155 3.5 Discussion 159 4 Extraction of Modules from RDF Knowledge Bases 39 160 4.1 Bounded-Level Modules 163 4.2 Extracting Module Data 166 4.3 Extracting Module Rules 166 4.4 Experiments 169 5 Rule-Based Integration of Heterogeneous Data and Models 36, 37 171 6 Conclusion 174 References 175 A Tutorial on Hybrid Answer Set Solving with clingo 178 1 Introduction 178 2 Answer Set Programming 181 3 Multi-shot ASP Solving 182 3.1 A Gentle Introduction 182 3.2 Branch-and-Bound-Based Optimization 184 3.3 Incremental ASP Solving 188 4 Theory-Enhanced ASP Solving 191 4.1 Input Language 191 4.2 Semantic Underpinnings 193 4.3 Algorithmic Aspects 195 4.4 Propagator Interface 197 5 A Case-Study on ASP Modulo Difference Logic 198 6 Discussion 207 A Intermediate Language 207 References 212 Answer Set Programming with External Source Access 215 1 Introduction 215 2 ASP and HEX Programs 218 2.1 ASP 218 2.2 Important Classes of Logic Programs 231 2.3 HEX Program Syntax 232 2.4 HEX Program Semantics 235 3 Methodology 236 3.1 Methodology for Using External Atoms 238 3.2 Concrete Application Scenarios 239 4 The dlvhex System 244 4.1 Evaluation Approach and System Architecture 245 4.2 Using the dlvhex System 248 4.3 Usability and System Features 248 4.4 Exploiting External Source Properties 251 5 Case Study 258 5.1 Sequence Generation 259 5.2 Trip Planning 260 5.3 Cyclic Dependencies 263 5.4 Partial Evaluation 266 5.5 Interfacing a Description Logic Reasoner 268 5.6 Accessing Remote Data 269 5.7 Summary of the Case Study 272 6 Further HEX Usage and Related Work 272 6.1 Further HEX Use Scenarios and HEX Extensions 272 6.2 Related Work 276 7 Conclusion 278 A Further Resources 279 References 280 Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web 287 1 Introduction 287 2 Motivating Examples 289 3 Probabilistic Description Logics 292 4 Probabilistic Description Logic Programs 294 5 Fuzzy Description Logic Programs 296 6 Probabilistic Fuzzy Description Logic Programs 298 References 299 OBDA for Log Extraction in Process Mining 303 1 Introduction 303 2 Process Mining: A Gentle Introduction 306 2.1 The Process Mining Framework 306 2.2 Application of Process Mining 310 2.3 Process Mining Tools 311 2.4 The XES Standard 313 2.5 The Data Preparation Phase 318 3 Ontology-Based Data Access 319 3.1 Lightweight Ontology Languages 320 3.2 Conceptual Data Models and Relationship to Ontology Languages 324 3.3 Queries over DL-LiteA Ontologies 329 3.4 Linking Ontologies to Data 332 3.5 Processing of Conceptual Queries 335 4 OBDA for Log Extraction: The onprom Approach 337 4.1 Methodology 337 4.2 Event Ontology 338 4.3 The onprom Model 341 4.4 Formalising Event-Data Annotations 345 4.5 Automated Processing of Annotations 346 4.6 The onprom Toolchain 349 5 Conclusions 353 References 354 Author Index 357 Front Matter....Pages I-XI Data Integration for Open Data on the Web....Pages 1-28 Ontological Query Answering over Semantic Data....Pages 29-63 Ontology Querying: Datalog Strikes Back....Pages 64-67 Integrating Relational Databases with the Semantic Web: A Reflection....Pages 68-120 Datalog Revisited for Reasoning in Linked Data....Pages 121-166 A Tutorial on Hybrid Answer Set Solving with clingo ....Pages 167-203 Answer Set Programming with External Source Access....Pages 204-275 Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web....Pages 276-291 OBDA for Log Extraction in Process Mining....Pages 292-345 Back Matter....Pages 347-347