Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop, REALWSN 2013, Como (Italy), September 19-20, 2013 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Book 281)

This edited book presents the results of the 5th Workshop on Real-world Wireless Sensor Networks (REALWSN). The purpose of this workshop was to bring together researchers and practitioners working in the area of sensor networks, with focus on real-world experiments or deployments of wireless sensor networks. Included were, nonetheless, emerging forms of sensing such as those that leverage smart phones, Internet of Things, RFIDs, and robots. Indeed, when working with real-world experiments or deployments, many new or unforeseen issues may arise: the network environment may be composed of a variety of different technologies, leading to very heterogeneous network structures; software development for large scale networks poses new types of problems; the performance of prototype networks may differ significantly from the deployed system; whereas actual sensor network deployments may need a complex combination of autonomous and manual configuration. Furthermore, results obtained through simulation are typically not directly applicable to operational networks; it is therefore imperative for the community to produce results from experimental research. The workshop collected the state of the art in emerging and current research trends dealing with Real-world Wireless Sensor Networks, with the aim of representing a stepping stone for future research in this field. Preface 6 Organization 7 Contents 9 Part IApplications 13 1 Snowcloud: A Complete Data Gathering System for Snow Hydrology Research 14 1 Introduction 14 2 Sampling Data 16 3 Collecting and Storing Data 19 4 Processing and Presenting Data 20 5 Deployments and Field Experience 22 6 Conclusion 24 References 24 2 The Big Night Out: Experiences from Tracking Flying Foxes with Delay-Tolerant Wireless Networking 26 1 Introduction 26 2 System Architecture 28 2.1 Mobile Sensing Layer 28 2.2 Base Station Layer 29 2.3 Backend Storage and Control Layer 29 3 Delay Tolerant Networking for Animal Tracking 29 3.1 The BatMac Protocol 30 3.2 Data Storage 31 3.3 Data Retrieval 32 4 Configuration and Debugging 33 4.1 Remote Task Configuration 34 4.2 Remote Debugging 34 5 Experimental Data: A Day in the Life of a Flying Fox 35 5.1 GPS Tracking 35 5.2 Power Management 36 6 Lessons Learned 37 References 38 3 On Rendezvous in Mobile Sensing Networks 39 1 Introduction 39 2 Related Work 41 3 OpenSense System and Deployment 42 4 Rendezvous and Graph Connectivity 45 4.1 Process-Induced Rendezvous 45 4.2 Rendezvous Connection Graph 47 5 Rendezvous Applications 48 5.1 Case Study: Faulty Sensor Detection 48 5.2 Case Study: Sensor Calibration 49 6 Conclusions 50 References 51 4 Real-Life Deployment of Bluetooth Scatternets for Wireless Sensor Networks 53 1 Introduction and Related Work 53 2 Main Points of the SFX Algorithm 55 3 Laboratory Tests 56 4 Deployment in a Photovoltaic Power Plant 58 5 Conclusions 60 References 61 Part IIPoster and Demo Abstracts 62 5 Poster Abstract: Velux-Lab---Monitoring a Nearly Zero Energy Building 63 1 Introduction 63 2 The Wireless Sensor Network 64 3 Data Analysis 65 4 Conclusions and Future Work 66 References 67 6 Poster Abstract: Visualization and Monitoring Tool for Sensor Devices 68 1 Introduction 68 2 Related Work 69 3 Main Features of SensMap 69 4 Visualization Perspectives 70 5 Conclusion 71 References 71 7 Demo Abstract: MakeSense---Managing Reproducible WSNs Experiments 72 1 Introduction 72 2 MakeSense Core Functionalities 73 2.1 JSON Configuration File 73 2.2 Workflow 74 2.3 Multiple Control Channels 75 3 Demonstration 76 4 Conclusion 77 References 78 8 Demo Abstract: Cross Layer Design for Low Power, Low Delay, High Reliability Radio Duty-Cycled Multi-hop WSNs 79 1 Introduction 79 2 Design 80 2.1 Mac Design/Latency Awareness 80 2.2 Parent Selection 80 3 Deployment/ Evaluation 81 3.1 Summary of Deployment Results 82 4 Demonstration 83 References 83 9 Poster Abstract: Outdoors Range Measurements with Zolertia Z1 Motes and Contiki 84 1 Motivation 84 2 Experimental Set-Up 85 3 The Measurements 85 3.1 Directivity Measurements 86 3.2 RSSI Calibration 86 3.3 Range Measurements 86 3.4 The Influence of Radio Duty Cycling 87 4 Conclusions 87 References 88 10 Poster Abstract: iBAST---Instantaneous Bridge Assessment Based on Sensor Network Technology 89 1 Introduction 89 2 Architecture and Implementation 90 3 Case Study 92 4 Conclusion 92 References 93 11 Demo Abstract: SmartSync; When Toys Meet Wireless Sensor Networks 94 1 Introduction 95 1.1 System Integration 95 2 Implementation 95 2.1 Wireless Micro-Robot Node 96 2.2 Wireless Microphone Circuit 96 2.3 Wireless LED Arrays 98 3 Conclusions 98 References 99 12 Poster Abstract: Link Quality Estimation---A Case Study for On-line Supervised Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks 100 1 Introduction 100 2 On-line Training Data Selection for Batch Strategies 102 3 Experimental Evaluation 102 4 Conclusions and Future Work 104 References 104 13 Poster Abstract: An Experimental Study of Attacks on the Availability of Glossy 105 1 Introduction 105 2 Background 106 2.1 Capture Effect and Constructive Interference 106 2.2 Glossy 106 3 Breaking Constructive Interference 107 4 Experimental Results 107 References 109 Part IIILow-level Components 110 14 Node Identification Using Clock Skew 111 1 Introduction 111 2 Related Work 113 3 Clock Skew 114 3.1 Definition of Clock Skew 114 3.2 Clock Skew Determination 114 3.3 Clock Skew Quality 115 4 Remote Clock Skew Determination 116 4.1 The Impact of Network Jitter 116 4.2 Experimental Evaluation 116 5 Local Clock Skew Determination 118 5.1 Local Clock Sources 118 5.2 Experimental Evaluation 119 5.3 Processing Optimisation 119 5.4 Sampling Optimisation 121 6 Conclusion 122 References 123 15 MagoNode: Advantages of RF Front-ends in Wireless Sensor Networks 124 1 Introduction 124 2 RF Front-ends and Platforms 126 2.1 Front-ends Requirements 126 2.2 Competitors: Sensor Nodes with an RF Front-end 127 3 MagoNode Platform 128 3.1 Platform Design 128 3.2 Boards 129 3.3 Radio Current Consumptions: a Performance Comparison 130 4 Testbed 132 4.1 Setup 132 4.2 Metrics 133 4.3 Results 134 5 Conclusions 135 References 135 16 MIMOSA, a Highly Sensitive and Accurate Power Measurement Technique for Low-Power Systems 137 1 Introduction 137 2 Basics 138 3 Related Work 141 3.1 Measurement Approaches 141 4 MIMOSA Technology 142 4.1 Overview 142 4.2 Voltage Drop Compensation 143 4.3 Analog Integration 144 5 Evaluation 145 6 Practical Application 147 7 Conclusion 148 References 148 17 A Remotely Programmable Modular Testbed for Backscatter Sensor Network Research 150 1 Introduction 151 2 Benefits/Features of a BSN Testbed 152 3 Testbed Implementation 153 4 Research with a BSN Testbed: Scenarios and Applications 155 5 Conclusion 157 References 157 Part IVNetworking 159 18 A Scalable Redundant TDMA Protocol for High-Density WSNs Inside an Aircraft 160 1 Introduction 160 2 Scalable Redundant TDMA 161 3 Measurement Campaign 162 3.1 Setup 162 3.2 Low-Power Wireless Sensor Node Platform 164 3.3 Wireless Access Point 165 4 Results 166 4.1 Base Measurements 166 4.2 Impact of Dual Access Points 168 4.3 Impact of Antenna Selection 170 5 Conclusions 171 References 172 19 Do We Really Need a Priori Link Quality Estimation? 173 1 Introduction 173 2 Preliminaries 174 2.1 Related Work 175 2.2 Evaluation Methodology 176 3 Experimental Study 177 3.1 Link Quality 177 3.2 Path Length 179 3.3 Link Quality Versus Path Length 180 3.4 Energy Efficiency 181 3.5 Load Balancing 183 3.6 Energy Efficiency Versus Load Balancing 184 4 Conclusions 186 References 186 20 Redundant Border Routers for Mission-Critical 6LoWPAN Networks 188 1 Introduction 189 2 Background 189 2.1 RPL-based 6LoWPAN Networks 190 2.2 Interconnecting LLNs with IPv6 190 2.3 Dealing with Mobility and Redundancy 191 3 Design of a RPL-Compatible 6LBR 191 3.1 ND Proxy for RPL-6LBR 192 3.2 Mobility Support for Redundant 6LBRs 192 4 Implementation 193 5 Evaluation 193 6 Discussion 195 7 Conclusion 196 References 196 21 Using Directional Transmissions and Receptions to Reduce Contention in Wireless Sensor Networks 197 1 Introduction 197 2 Electronically Steerable Directional Antennas 198 3 Experimental Evaluation 200 3.1 Basic Experimental Setup 200 3.2 Alleviating Channel Contention 201 3.3 Simultaneous Communication Flows 203 4 Discussion and Conclusion 204 References 205 Part VEnergy 206 22 Energy Parameter Estimation in Solar Powered Wireless Sensor Networks 207 1 Introduction 207 2 Related Work 208 3 Experimental Work 209 3.1 System 209 3.2 Deployment 210 3.3 Experimental Results 210 4 Energy Model 210 4.1 Energy Generation and Storage 210 4.2 Energy Conservation Equation 211 4.3 The Need for Energy Estimation and Forecast 212 5 Estimation of Battery Condition and Capacity 213 5.1 Background 213 5.2 Estimation of Battery Discharge Patterns 214 5.3 Estimation of Battery Capacity 215 6 Estimation of Solar Power Supply 216 7 Conclusion 218 References 218 23 Experiences with Sensors for Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings 220 1 Introduction 220 2 Experimental Setting 222 3 Analysis of Empirical Data 223 4 Occupancy Estimation 225 5 Thermal Comfort 227 6 Energy Savings 228 6.1 Office Appliances 228 6.2 HVAC 230 7 Related Work 230 8 Conclusions 231 References 232 24 Wireless Sensor Networks for Building Monitoring Deployment Challenges, Tools and Experience 233 1 Introduction 233 2 Problem Specification 234 3 Baseline Deployment 234 3.1 Deployment Challenges 235 4 Design Tool Deployment 236 5 Results Analysis 236 6 Lessons Learned 240 References 240 25 Long Term WSN Monitoring for Energy Efficiency in EU Cultural Heritage Buildings 241 1 Introduction 241 2 Application Scenario 243 3 Sensing Unit and Hardware Design 244 4 Software and Protocol Stack Architecture 245 4.1 Time Synchronization 246 5 Deployment 247 6 Conclusion 248 References 248 Front Matter....Pages i-xii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Snowcloud: A Complete Data Gathering System for Snow Hydrology Research....Pages 3-14 The Big Night Out: Experiences from Tracking Flying Foxes with Delay-Tolerant Wireless Networking....Pages 15-27 On Rendezvous in Mobile Sensing Networks....Pages 29-42 Real-Life Deployment of Bluetooth Scatternets for Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 43-51 Front Matter....Pages 53-53 Poster Abstract: Velux-Lab—Monitoring a Nearly Zero Energy Building....Pages 55-59 Poster Abstract: Visualization and Monitoring Tool for Sensor Devices....Pages 61-64 Demo Abstract: MakeSense—Managing Reproducible WSNs Experiments....Pages 65-71 Demo Abstract: Cross Layer Design for Low Power, Low Delay, High Reliability Radio Duty-Cycled Multi-hop WSNs....Pages 73-77 Poster Abstract: Outdoors Range Measurements with Zolertia Z1 Motes and Contiki....Pages 79-83 Poster Abstract: iBAST—Instantaneous Bridge Assessment Based on Sensor Network Technology....Pages 85-89 Demo Abstract: SmartSync; When Toys Meet Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 91-96 Poster Abstract: Link Quality Estimation—A Case Study for On-line Supervised Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 97-101 Poster Abstract: An Experimental Study of Attacks on the Availability of Glossy....Pages 103-107 Front Matter....Pages 109-109 Node Identification Using Clock Skew....Pages 111-123 MagoNode: Advantages of RF Front-ends in Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 125-137 MIMOSA, a Highly Sensitive and Accurate Power Measurement Technique for Low-Power Systems....Pages 139-151 A Remotely Programmable Modular Testbed for Backscatter Sensor Network Research....Pages 153-161 Front Matter....Pages 163-163 A Scalable Redundant TDMA Protocol for High-Density WSNs Inside an Aircraft....Pages 165-177 Do We Really Need a Priori Link Quality Estimation?....Pages 179-193 Redundant Border Routers for Mission-Critical 6LoWPAN Networks....Pages 195-203 Front Matter....Pages 163-163 Using Directional Transmissions and Receptions to Reduce Contention in Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 205-213 Front Matter....Pages 215-215 Energy Parameter Estimation in Solar Powered Wireless Sensor Networks....Pages 217-229 Experiences with Sensors for Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings....Pages 231-243 Wireless Sensor Networks for Building Monitoring Deployment Challenges, Tools and Experience....Pages 245-252 Long Term WSN Monitoring for Energy Efficiency in EU Cultural Heritage Buildings....Pages 253-261