Real communication : an introduction

Real Communication continues to prove its reputation as the most current human communication text available. This new edition provides today's students with the critical skills they now need most: to be able to objectively encounter increasingly digital communication contexts, examine the theory and concepts underpinning them, and competently respond in a professional, healthy, and intentional way. Utilizing a social-scientific approach to communication, the text uses engaging stories which work as small case studies that students learn to see and analyze as communication situations, discovering theory played out in practice. Authored by a leading team of communication scholars and instructors, this authoritative text helps students become social scientists in communication to confront and adapt to the challenges of today's digital age. publisher About this Book Cover Page Inside Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page NCA Learning Outcomes Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Halftitle Page Chapter 1 Communication: Essential Human Behavior We Must Communicate: Functions Essential to Living Expressing Affiliation Managing Relationships Influencing Others How We Communicate Real Communicator Communication Is Symbolic Communication Requires a Shared Code Communication Is Linked to Culture Communication Can Be Unintentional Communication Occurs through Various Channels Communication Is Transactional Assessing Communicative Value Communicating Competently Competent Communication Is Process Oriented Competent Communication Is Appropriate and Effective Competent Communication Involves Ethical Decisions Competent Communication Involves Communication Skills Competent Communication Involves Using Technology Wireless Communication: Email Etiquette: How Not to Communicate with Your Professor Modeling Communication The Linear Model The Interaction Model The Competent Communication Model Evaluating Communication Ethics: Friends Who Have More or Less than You Communication across Cultures: The Boko Haram Girls The Study of Communication End of Chapter Back To: Operation Varsity Blues Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 2 Communicating in a Digital Age Digital Origins Then and Now Ongoing Dynamic Changes Qualities of Digital Channels Evaluating Communication Ethics: The Distracted Notetaker Synchronicity of Messages Media Richness and Naturalness Communication across Cultures: Mobile Apps Compete for World Influence Message Privacy and Control The Power of the Crowd Information Sharing Social Support Social Causes Real Communicator Overcoming Digital Challenges Digital Disparities Feeding Insecurities and Obsessions Digital Deception Wireless Communication: Who I Am: Selfies as Visual Conversation, Self-Promotion, and Identity Cyber Attacks End of Chapter Back To: Science Fiction Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 3 Perceiving the Self and Others Perception: Making Sense of Your World Schemas: Organizing Perceptions Attributions: Interpreting Your Perceptions The Cultural Context Perceptual Barriers Communication across Cultures: Sports Culture and Women’s Soccer Improving Your Perceptions Cognitions about Ourselves Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are Self-Esteem: How You Feel about Yourself Self-Efficacy: Assessing Your Own Abilities Evaluating Communication Ethics: Ethics and the Self-Concept Assessing Our Perceptions of Self Real Communicator Behavior: Managing Our Identities Self-Presentation Self-Disclosure Managing Feedback Technology: Managing the Self and Perceptions Wireless Communication: Avatars: An Idealized Self-Image End of Chapter Back To: The Image of Tiger Woods Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 4 Verbal Communication The Nature of Language Language Is Symbolic Thought Informs Language Language Is Ruled by Grammar The Functions of Language Using Language as a Means of Control Using Language to Share Information Using Language to Express Feelings Using Language to Express Creativity Using Language as Ritual Language and Meaning Words Have Multiple Meanings Abstraction Problematic Uses of Language Hateful and Hurtful Language Labeling Biased Language Evaluating Communication Ethics: Job Application Language Profanity versus Civility Language Is Bound by Context Situational Context Communication across Cultures: Racist Hats and Drums? Relational Context Cultural Context Wireless Communication: Speaking in Code Real Communicator Mediated Contexts End of Chapter Back To: A Slanted Case Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 5 Nonverbal Communication The Nature of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Behavior Is Communicative Nonverbal Communication Can Be Intentional and Unintentional Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous People Trust Nonverbal Communication More Than Verbal Communication Functions of Nonverbal Communication Reinforcing Verbal Messages Substituting for Verbal Messages Contradicting Verbal Messages Managing and Regulating Interactions Creating Immediacy Deceiving Others Nonverbal Communication Codes Gestures and Body Movements Real Communicator Facial Expressions Eye Behavior Voice Physical Appearance Evaluating Communication Ethics: The Job-Killer Tat Touch Space and Environment Time Influences on Nonverbal Communication Culture and Nonverbal Communication Communication across Cultures: What Nurses Wear Mediated Nonverbal Communication Wireless Communication: The Rich World of Emojis The Situational Context End of Chapter Back To: Inside Out Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 6 Communication and Culture Understanding Culture Culture Is Learned Culture Is Expressed Through Communication Intercultural Communication Matters Communication and Cultural Variations High- and Low-Context Communication Styles Real Communicator Collectivist and Individualist Orientations Approaches to Power Distance Flexible and Stable Self-Concepts Time Orientations Value of Emotional Expression Understanding Group Affiliations Cocultural Communication Social Identity and Intergroup Communication Wireless Communication: Online Gamers: Women Are Hardcore, Too Communication across Cultures: The It Gets Better Project Intercultural Communication Challenges Anxiety Ethnocentrism Discrimination Improving Intercultural Communication Mindfulness Openness to Other Cultures Effective Intergroup Contact Appropriate Accommodation Evaluating Communication Ethics: That Is Not Impossible Meat Practice Using Your Skills End of Chapter Back To: Hamilton Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 7 Listening The Listening Process Hearing Versus Listening The Components of Listening Real Communicator Listening Fidelity Listening to Meet Goals Relational Listening Task-Oriented Listening Analytical Listening Critical Listening Social Listening Listening Challenges Negative Attitudes Environmental Factors Biological Factors Ineffective Listening Defensive Listening Biased Listening Evaluating Communication Ethics: Listening When You’re Sick of Hearing Self-Absorbed Listening Pseudolistening Improving Your Listening The Situational Context Communication across Cultures: A Quick Lesson in Deaf Etiquette The Cultural Context Wireless Communication: The Quiet Zone Listening for Success Effective Listening Effective Listening Saves Time and Money Effective Listening Creates Opportunities Effective Listening Strengthens Relationships End of Chapter Back To: The Doctor’s Office Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 8 Developing and Maintaining Relationships Types of Interpersonal Relationships Family Relationships Evaluating Communication Ethics: Money, Family, and Paying the Bills Friendship and Social Relationships Romantic Relationships Online and Mediated Relationships Wireless Communication: Is This Relationship Real? Why We Form Relationships Proximity Attractive Qualities Similarity Personal and Social Needs Managing Relationship Dynamics Costs and Rewards Managing Uncertainty Dialectical Tensions Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Relationships Social Penetration Managing Privacy Real Communicator Strategic Topic Avoidance Stages of a Relationship Initiating Stage Exploratory Stage Intensification Stage Stable Stage Declining Stage Repair Stage Communication across Cultures: Grieving Relationships Termination Stage Reconciliation End of Chapter Back To: Mary and Justin Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 9 Managing Conflict in Relationships Understanding Conflict Unproductive Conflict Productive Conflict Conflict Triggers Inaccurate Assumptions Perceived Incompatible Goals Relational Transgressions Provocation Factors Affecting Conflict Power Dynamics Attitudes Toward Conflict Communication Climate Culture and Conflict Communication Channel Wireless Communication: When Conflict Goes Viral Strategies for Managing Conflict Escapist Strategies Competitive Strategies Communication across Cultures: Yours, Mine, and Both of Ours Cooperative Strategies Evaluating Communication Ethics: The Accidental Relationship Counselor Reconciliation Apology Forgiveness Real Communicator End of Chapter Back To: Sibling Rivalry Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 10 Communicating in Groups Understanding Groups Characteristics of Groups Types of Groups Wireless Communication: Smart Mobs: What Flash Mobs and Political Protests Have in Common Models of Group Development Real Communicator Complexity of Group Communication Size of Groups The Formation of Cliques Social Loafing Group Networks Understanding Group Roles Task Roles Social Roles Antigroup Roles Role Conflict Status Group Climate Cohesion Communication across Cultures: The International American Pastime Norms Clarity of Goals Individual Differences Evaluating Communication Ethics: Sketchy Behavior End of Chapter Back To: Team Rubicon Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 11 Leadership and Decision Making in Groups Understanding Group Leadership Sources of Power Communication across Cultures: Gender Judo Shared Leadership Group Leadership Behavior Leadership Qualities Evaluating Communication Ethics: Leading the Interns Unethical Leadership Culture and Group Leadership Decision Making in Groups Groupthink The Problem-Solving Process Leadership in Meetings Planning Meetings Effectively Managing Meetings Effectively Real Communicator Using Meeting Technology Effectively Wireless Communication: Robots Are Here to Stay Evaluating Group Performance Informational Considerations Procedural Effectiveness Interpersonal Performance Individual Performance End of Chapter Back To: Brooklyn Nine-Nine Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 12 Communicating in Organizations Approaches to Managing Organizations Classical Management Approach Human Relations Approach Human Resources Approach The Systems Approach Communicating Organizational Culture Organizational Storytelling Learning About Organizational Culture Real Communicator Relational Contexts in Organizations Supervisor–Supervisee Relationships Mentor–Mentee Relationships Peer Relationships Evaluating Communication Ethics: More Than Friends at Work Organizational Challenges Workplace Conflict Sexual Harassment Using Technology Wireless Communication: Working Here, There, and Everywhere Globalization Work–Life Balance Communication across Cultures: Work–Life Balance: Around the Globe and Around the Block End of Chapter Back To: Zappos Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 13 Preparing and Researching Presentations The Power of Public Speaking Clarify the General Purpose of Your Speech Informative Speeches Sample Speech 13.1: The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Persuasive Speeches Sample Speech 13.2: Speech at the United States House Judiciary Committee Hearing Special-Occasion Speeches Sample Speech 13.3: Farewell Address (2017) Analyze Your Audience Considering Audience Expectations and Situational Factors Considering Audience Demographics and Psychographics Anticipating Your Audience’s Response Choose Your Topic Real Communicator Finding a Topic That Intrigues You Brainstorming and Clustering Narrowing Your Topic Determining the Specific Purpose of Your Speech Developing a Thesis Statement Research the Topic Types of Information to Consider Communication across Cultures: Human Trafficking: Art, Survival, and Advocacy Finding Supporting Material Wireless Communication: The Library in the Sky Evaluating Supporting Material Ethical Speaking: Take Responsibility for Your Speech Speaking Ethically and Responsibly Recognizing Plagiarism Evaluating Communication Ethics: Didn’t I Already Say That? Taking Accurate Notes End of Chapter Back To: Steve Jobs Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 14 Organizing, Writing, and Outlining Presentations Organizing Your Speech Identifying Your Main Points Supporting Your Main Points Arranging Your Points Evaluating Communication Ethics: The Ethics of Using Research Connecting Your Points Communication across Cultures: Evidence, Popular Culture, and the “CSI Effect” Using Language That Works Respect Your Audience Keep It Simple Use Vivid Language Incorporate Literary Language Sample Speech 14.1: Ain’t I a Woman? Crafting a Strong Introduction Capture Your Audience’s Attention Introduce Your Purpose and Thesis Preview Your Main Points Connect with Your Audience Writing a Strong Conclusion Signal the End Reinforce Your Topic, Purpose, and Main Points Make an Impact Real Communicator Challenge the Audience to Respond Outlining Your Speech Wireless Communication: Bullet Points on the Brain Essentials of Outlining Styles of Outlines From Preparation Outline to Speaking Outline Sample Speech Outline 14.1: From Preparation Outline to Speaking Outline End of Chapter Back To: Digital Preparation and Outlining Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 15 Delivering Presentations Understand and Address Anxiety Identify Anxiety Triggers Relax and Prepare Mentally Build Your Confidence Wireless Communication: Face Your Public Speaking Fears in Virtual Reality Methods of Delivery Speaking from Manuscript Speaking from Memory Speaking Spontaneously Speaking Extemporaneously Guidelines for Effective Delivery Effective Vocal Delivery Effective Visual Delivery Communication across Cultures: You Sound Like You’re From .... Connecting with Your Audience Evaluating Communication Ethics: Judging Speeches Additional Guidelines for Online Speech Delivery Real Communicator Effective Presentation Aids The Function of Presentation Aids Types of Presentation Aids Practicing Your Speech Remember Your Speaking Outline Practice Using Presentation Aids Simulate the Situation Practice Your Delivery End of Chapter Back To: The King’s Speech Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 16 Informative Speaking The Goals of Informative Speaking Meeting the Audience’s Informational Needs Informing, Not Persuading Speaking Appropriately and Ethically Topics for Informative Presentations People Places Objects and Phenomena Communication across Cultures: Let’s Talk about Sex Events Evaluating Communication Ethics: Ulterior Motives Processes Concepts Issues Plans and Policies Approaches to Conveying Information Description Demonstration Wireless Communication: Talk among Yourselves Definition Explanation Guidelines for Engaging and Assisting Your Audience Create Information Hunger Satisfy Audience Hunger Real Communicator Sample Student Informative Speech 16.1: Social Media, Social Identity, and Social Causes References Speaking Outline: Anna Davis End of Chapter Back To: Dr. Nadine Burke Harris Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Chapter 17 Persuasive Speaking The Goals of Persuasive Speaking Developing a Persuasive Topic and Thesis Propositions of Fact Propositions of Value Propositions of Policy Understanding Your Audience Your Audience’s Existing Attitudes Your Audience’s Readiness to Change Your Audience’s Needs Your Audience’s Motivation and Interest Wireless Communication: Interactive Advertising: Persuasion for a Generation Z Audience Strategies for Persuasive Speaking Ethos Evaluating Communication Ethics: Sensitivity or Free Speech? Logos Communication across Cultures: Persuading Across Borders Pathos Avoiding Logical Fallacies Bandwagoning Reduction to the Absurd Red Herring Personal Attack Hasty Generalization Begging the Question Either–or Fallacy Appeal to Tradition The Slippery Slope The Naturalistic Fallacy Real Communicator Organizing Patterns in Persuasive Speaking Problem–Solution Refutational Pattern Comparative Advantage Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Sample Student Persuasive Speech 17.1: Preventing Cyberbullying References Speaking Outline: Elijah Lui End of Chapter Back To: Hakeem Oluseyi, Scientific and Motivational Speaker Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Appendix A Competent Interviewing The Nature of Interviews Types of Interviews Information-Gathering Interviews Persuasive Interviews Selection Interviews Performance Appraisal Interviews Exit Interviews Interview Format The Opening Evaluating Communication Ethics: Surveys: Interviewing at Large The Questions Real Communicator The Conclusion Roles and Responsibilities in Interviews Interviewer Responsibilities Interviewee Responsibilities Shared Responsibilities The Job Interview Communication across Cultures: Cultural Competence in Social Workw Getting the Interview Wireless Communication: Pre-Presenting Yourself: Your Online Persona Conducting the Interview Following Up After the Interview End of Chapter Back To: OTS Interviews Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Appendix B Mass and Mediated Communication The Nature of Mass Media Types of Mass Communication The Pervasiveness of Media Understanding Mass Media Messages The Business of Media Wireless Communication: New Life Through Digital Media? Free Speech and Media Bias Communication across Cultures: The Sesame Effect Effects of Mass Media Selectivity and the Active Audience Influences on Attitudes and Behaviors Mass Communication in a Digital Age Mass Self-Communication Evaluating Communication Ethics: Marketing for a Better Band Media Personalization Ineffective Participation Competent Media Consumers Monitor Your Media Use and Exposure Consider the Source of Media Messages Be Aware of Media Effects Understand the Grammar of Media Real Communicator Actively Evaluate Media Messages End of Chapter Back To: Abigail’s Multimedia Family Things to Try: Activities Real Reference: A Study Tool Glossary References Acknowledgments Index Video List Notes Inside Back Cover Back Cover