RANDOM WALK AND GECKO TAPE - GRAPHENE COMING OUT OF THE IVORY TOWER from theory to applications

This book highlights a comprehensive introduction of graphene and graphene-based two-dimensional nanomaterials, covering topics from their atomic structures, electronic band structures, and fundamental properties to technological applications. The book provides fundamental physics knowledge covering quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, solid-state physics, and topology geometry necessary to understand electronic band structure of graphene. Other topics including microscopy techniques and preparation methods of graphene are also presented. Adopting an easy-to-read style, the book is a valuable resource for researchers in physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineers who are interested in the field of graphene-based nanomaterials. Preface 5 Contents 9 1 Discovery of Graphene 12 1.1 What Is Graphene? 12 1.2 Andre Geim’s Random Walk 15 1.3 Flying Frog and Gecko Tape 17 1.4 Sticky Tape Led to Nobel Prize 20 1.5 Carbon Atom Family 21 2 The Quantum Mechanics 27 2.1 Quantum Essences 27 2.1.1 Wave-Particle Duality 29 2.2 Quantum Tunneling Effect 31 2.3 Spins 32 2.4 Identical Particles 34 2.5 Quantum Entanglement 36 2.6 Wave Functions 37 2.7 Uncertainty Principle 38 2.8 Wave Function Collapse 39 2.9 Probability 41 3 Microscopy Graphene 43 3.1 Atom and Electron Cloud 43 3.2 Covalent Bonds and Hybrid Orbitals 46 3.3 A Snapshot of the Inside of an Atom 48 3.4 Microscopy Techniques 51 3.4.1 Optical Microscope 51 3.4.2 Electron Microscope 53 3.4.3 Scanning Probe Technology 54 3.5 Spectral Analysis 56 3.6 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy 58 3.7 Experimental Observation of Graphene 60 4 Lattice and Energy Band 64 4.1 Structure Determines Properties 64 4.2 What Is a Crystal? 66 4.2.1 Bravais Lattices 66 4.2.2 Bragg Reflection 67 4.2.3 Bloch Wave 68 4.2.4 Brillouin Zones 69 4.3 What Is Energy Band? 70 4.4 Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors 73 4.5 Free Electrons in Crystals 74 4.6 Effective Mass and Band Structure 75 4.7 The Significance of Effective Mass 77 5 Electrons Dance in Graphene 80 5.1 Band Structure of Graphene 80 5.2 Approximation Methods 81 5.2.1 Nearly-Free Electron Model 82 5.2.2 Tight-Binding Approximation 83 5.3 Schrodinger Equation 84 5.4 Special Theory of Relativity 85 5.5 Dirac Equation 87 5.6 Dirac Cone 88 6 Quantum Topology 91 6.1 Rubber-Sheet Geometry 91 6.1.1 Manifold and Topology 91 6.1.2 Genus 92 6.1.3 Topological Invariants 92 6.1.4 Fiber Bundles and Chern Class 93 6.2 Classic Hall Effect 94 6.3 Quantum Hall Effect 97 6.4 Hall Effect in Graphene 99 6.5 Laughlin State 101 6.6 The Spin Dance of Electrons 104 6.7 The Hall Effect Family 107 6.8 Graphene and Topological Insulators 108 7 New Materials 112 7.1 Graphene Production Technique 112 7.1.1 Micromechanical Peeling Method 112 7.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 113 7.1.3 Epitaxial Growth Method 113 7.1.4 Synthesis of Reduced Graphite Oxide Method 115 7.1.5 Electrochemical Method 116 7.1.6 Ultrasonic Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method 116 7.2 Graphene Family Nanomaterials 117 7.2.1 Multilayer Graphene 117 7.2.2 Graphene Nanoribbons 119 7.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 120 7.2.4 Fullerene 121 7.3 Derivatives of Graphene 121 7.3.1 Graphene Oxide 121 7.3.2 Magnetic Graphene 122 7.3.3 Graphene Sandwich 122 7.3.4 Calcium Doped Graphene 123 7.4 Superconductivity and Graphene 124 7.5 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 129 7.6 Three-Dimensional Graphene 133 8 Application and Prospects 135 8.1 Energy Materials 135 8.2 Electronic Devices 138 8.3 Ultra-thin Material that Soft and Rigid 139 8.4 Lightweight and Super Strong Material 140 8.5 Environmental Purification 141 8.6 Biomedicine 142 8.7 Graphene and Glass 144 References 146