Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages)

Europe's commitment to the Holy Land and to the crusade was created and shaped through several modes of action, liturgy among them. Rites articulated the collective undertaking of thinking the idea of Jerusalem and experiencing it emotionally, they energized the faithful to raise armies and provide them with the sinews of war, accompanied the crusaders into battle, sung their victories, and lamented their defeats. And rites functioned as effective channels of information and propaganda, for knowledge imparted in church was endorsed with the stamp of ecclesiastical authority and received with due deference by a Christian society. Liturgy runs, therefore, throughout the entire history of the Jerusalem crusade.This monograph opens up a new and hitherto completely unexplored type of primary source material for the study of the Crusades: crusading liturgical texts. For the first time, evidence is offered of liturgical practices that heralded and prepared the way for the First Crusade, as well as those that celebrated its victory and the liturgical practices that were devised after the defeat of Hattin in 1187. The first part of this study presents a critical edition, based on the vast number of extant manuscripts, with textual variants, reflecting the evolution of given liturgical practices in various places and times. For liturgical ritual offered the best framework for educating and forming the minds of the faithful. The second part analyses the ideological content of the crusading liturgy, and the different roles played by the large cultural-political regions (England, France, Germany) and certain religious and political institutions (papacy, monastic orders and states). The opening chapters therefore deal with the Clamor pro Terra Sancta and the Missa pro Terra Sancta (and related liturgies, the Missa contra paganos and Missa contra Turchos), while the latter chapters deal with the 'Festivitas liberationis Hierusalem'. "This is the first full-scale study of the liturgical reaction of Christian Europe to the demise of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. It surveys and analyzes the five main types of liturgy that were evolved during the last three medieval centuries in the struggle to liberate Jerusalem by means of new Holy Land crusades: the Clamor, the three principal Mass prayers, the dedicated war Mass, the English Trental of St. Gregory, and the Bidding Prayers. The relevant texts - hitherto unedited, for the most part - have been identified in numerous manuscripts and are given here in critical editions, extensively annotated and commented. They consititute a new corpus of knowledge that bears on the cultural evolution of late medieval Europe in general and on specific fields of study in particular, mainly the Holy Land crusade and the crusading movement, the war liturgy, the Papacy, and several devotional practices that were introduced in this context. Their scope and novelty are such as to cast new light on several aspects of late medieval culture and to open new avenues of research."--BOOK JACKET