Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment

Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment describes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-the-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields. It illuminates the main geophysical and radiophysical effects on the ionosphere and magnetosphere surrounding the Earth that accompany rocket or cosmic apparatus burns and launchings from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers. The book analyzes the disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields in the near-Earth environment from rocket burns and launchings from Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States, China, France, and other global space centers. Describing the radiophysical effects of rocket burn and launching in the middle and upper ionosphere, it focuses on the ecological consequences of space exploration—detailing methods for eliminating the harmful effects of space exploration. Measurements for the studies presented in the book were carried out using numerous radiophysical methods and techniques, including HF Doppler radar, incoherent and coherent scatter radar systems, microwave radar, magnetometer, and optical instrumentation and spectroscopy. The book analyzes the effects of rocket burns and launchings from 1975 to 2010 in worldwide launch campaigns. This book is an ideal reference for scientists in geophysics and radiophysics, specialists in rocket launching, and ecologists. It is also suitable as a fundamental handbook for graduate and postgraduate students taking physics and cosmic sciences courses at the university level. DIAGNOSTICS Of PLASMA PERTURBATIONS BY USING DOPPLER RADIO SOUNDINGPerturbations in the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket Launches Overview Properties and Parameters of the Lower, Middle, and Outer Ionospheres Peculiarities of the Interaction of Moving SVs with the Ionosphere Cosmodromes and Types of Rockets Large-Scale Perturbations in RL and Flight-Doppler Spectra AnalysisGlobal Perturbations in Rocket Flights and SV Maneuvers Global Perturbations during Landing of SVs Discussion of Results Large-Scale Disturbances Global Disturbances Global Effects during Landing of SVsMain Results ReferencesPerturbations in the Background of a Magnetic Storm Overview Magnetic Storm Phenomenon Perturbation of the Ambient Geomagnetic Field by a Moving SV Results of Observations Using Different Radiophysical Techniques Partial Reflection Method Doppler Sounding MethodDiscussions on the Result of Observations Effects at the F-Region of the Ionosphere Effects in the D-Region of the Ionosphere Main Results ReferencesWave Disturbance Transport Caused by Rocket Launches Accompanied by Solar Terminator Overview Results of Observations Rocket Launches Passage of the Solar Terminator Results of Statistical Analysis Rocket Launches Passing of the Solar Terminator Transportation of Perturbations-Types of Waves Acoustic Gravity Waves Slow MHD Waves Gyrotropic Waves Magnetic-Gradient Waves Discussion of Results Passing of Solar Terminator Rocket Launches Magnitude of DisturbanceMain Results ReferencesDIAGNOSTICS Of PLASMA WAVE DISTURBANCES BY INCOHERENT SCATTER AND DOPPLER RADARSPerturbations in the Middle and Outer Ionosphere Overview Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances Method of IS Method of Doppler Sounding Processes in the Ionosphere That Accompany Soyuz .. Bubbles Meteor-Induced HE-Inhomogeneities in Middle- Latitude Ionosphere Natural Plasma Depletions Generated during Magnetic Storms Main Results References Theoretical Aspects of Plasma Structure Creation Associated with Rocket Burn and Launch Overview Evolution of Rocket-Induced Plasma Structuresin the Ionosphere Infringement of Ionization-Recombination Balance by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere Processes in the D-Layer and Lower E-Layer of the Ionosphere Processes in the Upper E-Layer and the F-Layer of the Ionosphere Plasma Enhancements and Depletions Induced by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere D-Layer of the Ionosphere Upper E-Layer and F-Layer of the Ionosphere Generation of Plasma Instabilities in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch Plasma Instability Generation in the Upper F-Layer Depletion Zones Plasma Instabilities Generated in the D-Layer by Rocket Release Recombination Instabilities Kinetic Instability Plasma Instabilities Generated in the Upper E-Layer to the Upper F-Layer by Rocket Release Current-Convective Instability Gradient-Drift Instability Two-Stream Instability Rayleigh-Taylor InstabilityGeneration of Plasma Turbulences in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch Evolution of Plasma Irregularities/Turbulences in the Lower Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Release and Burn Role of Chemical Reactions and Heating- Induced Instabilities in Plasma Structure Creation Role of Turbulence in Plasma Disturbance Generation and Damping Evolution of Plasma Irregularities in Middle and Upper Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Releases Main Results References Influence of Rocket Burn and Launch on Ionospheric Radio Communication Overview Spectral Branches, Resonances, and Waves in the Analysis Results and Discussions Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Cape Canaveral and Kourou Cosmodromes Overview Level of Magnetic Perturbations Results of Observation Ariane-5 Launch Space Shuttle Launch Results of Spectral Analysis Results of Statistical Analysis Results and Discussions Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Various Cosmodromes Worldwide Overview Methods of Analysis Results of Observations Results of Statistical Analysis Results and Discussions Main Results References Peculiarities of Magneto-Ionospheric Effects during Launch of a Group of Rockets Overview Description of Active Experiments Methods of Analysis Condition of the Space Weather Results of Observations of Launches in Russia Molnia-M Launch Rokot Launch Sineva Launch Topol Launch Results and Discussions Effects of the Ionosphere Effects in the Geomagnetic Field Main Results References ROCKET BURN AND LAUNCH AND RADIO COMMUNICATION Modification of the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket and Space Vehicle Burn and Launch Overview Geophysical Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch Compared to Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments and Associated with Natural Phenomena Observations of Effects Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch Ionospheric Plasma Perturbations Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch Specific Features of Plasma Disturbance Generation by Rocket Burn and Launch Special Releases Related to Rocket Burns and Launches Experimental Observations of the Effects Associated with Artificially Injected Clouds and Pump Radio Waves Injection of Ion Clouds from Geophysical Rockets Observation of Heating-Induced Plasma StructuresSimilarity between Natural Phenomena and Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments Observation of Equatorial Plasma Launch Observations on Use of ISR Observations by the DR Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Space Shuttle Launch Observations by the ISR Observations by the DR Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Delta Launch Observations by the ISR Observations by the DR Discussion of Results Soyuz Launch Space Shuttle Launch Start of SV Delta Main Results References Results of Similar Types of Experiments Overview Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances Results of Observation of RLs from Russian Territory Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003 Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003 Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004 Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004 Proton Launch on December 10, 2003 Proton Launch on March 15, 2004 Proton Launch on June 17, 2004 Proton Launch on October 29, 2004 Proton Launch on February 3, 2005 Proton Launch on March 29, 2005Results and Discussions Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003 Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003 Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004 Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004 Proton Launch on December 10, 2003 Proton Launch on March 15, 2004 Proton Launch on June 17, 2004 Proton Launch on October 10, 2004 Proton Launch on February 3, 2005 Proton Launch on March 29, 2005References Cluster Diagnostics of Plasma DisturbancesOverview Techniques and Methodology Conditions of Space Weather Results of Measurements and Signal Processing Spatiotemporal Characteristics Results of Spectral Analysis Results and Discussions Major Results References System Spectral Analysis of Plasma and Geomagnetic Perturbations Overview Spectral Analysis of Temporal Series General Presentation of the Adaptive Fourier Transform Resolution of the Signal Spectrum in the Period and Time Domains Peculiarities of the "Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment describes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-the-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields. It illuminates the main geophysical and radiophysical effects on the ionosphere and magnetosphere surrounding the Earth that accompany rocket or cosmic apparatus burns and launchings from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers. The book analyzes the disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields in the near-Earth environment from rocket burns and launchings from Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States, China, France, and other global space centers. Describing the radiophysical effects of rocket burn and launching in the middle and upper ionosphere, it focuses on the ecological consequences of space exporation - detailing methods for eliminating the harmful effects of space exploration. Measurements for the studies presented in the book were carried out using numerous radiophysical methods and techniques, including HF Doppler radar, incoherent and coherent scatter radar systems, microwave radar, magnetomer, and optical instrumentation and spectroscopy. The book analyzes the effects of rocket burns and launchings from 1975 to 2010 in worldwide launch campaigns. This book is an ideal reference for scientists in geophysics and radiophysics, specialists in rocket launching, and ecologists. It is also suitable as a fundamental handbook for graduate and postgraduate studens taking physics and cosmic sciences courses at the University level."--Page 4 of cover Adaptive Fourier Transform Condition of the Space Weather Results of Modeling of the Processes Methods and Techniques of Experimental StudiesResults of Experimental Studies Sounding of the Ionosphere by Doppler Radar Sounding of the Ionosphere by Incoherent Scatter Radar Magnetometric Observations of WDs in the Ionosphere Results of the Spectral Analysis of Experimental Data Method of Doppler Sounding Method of Incoherent Scattering Spectral Analysis by Using a Magnetometer Discussion of the Results Effects of the Rocket Launches Radiophysical Methods Magnetometric Technique Effects of the Solar Terminator Major Results References DIAGNOSTICS OF GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCESGeomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Russian Cosmodromes Rocket Launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome Overview Method of Analysis Level of Magnetic Perturbations Results of Observations Soyuz Launch Proton Launches Results of the Statistical Analysis Theoretical Models General Information Mechanisms of Geomagnetic Disturbance Generation Modulation of the Ionospheric Currents Excitation of Charged Particles by Waves Results and Discussions Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Overview The Level of Magnetic Perturbation Results of Observations Rokot Launch Cosmos-3M Launch Soyuz Launch Molnia Launch Results of Statistical Analysis Results and Discussions Main Results References Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Cosmodromes Worldwide Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Chinese Cosmodromes Overview Level of Magnetic Perturbation Results of Observation Results of Statistical Analysis Results of Spectral This book analyzes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers. It examines disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields caused by rocket burns and launchings from worldwide space centers.