Radionuclides in the Environment : Influence of Chemical Speciation and Plant Uptake on Radionuclide Migration

This book provides extensive and comprehensive information to researchers and academicians who are interested in radionuclide contamination, its sources and environmental impact. It is also useful for graduate and undergraduate students specializing in radioactive-waste disposal and its impact on natural as well as manmade environments. A number of sites are affected by large legacies of waste from the mining and processing of radioactive minerals. Over recent decades, several hundred radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) of natural elements have been produced artificially, including 90Sr, 137Cs and 131I. Several other anthropogenic radioactive elements have also been produced in large quantities, for example technetium, neptunium, plutonium and americium, although plutonium does occur naturally in trace amounts in uranium ores. The deposition of radionuclides on vegetation and soil, as well as the uptake from polluted aquifers (root uptake or irrigation) are the initial point for their transfer into the terrestrial environment and into food chains. There are two principal deposition processes for the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere: dry deposition is the direct transfer through absorption of gases and particles by natural surfaces, such as vegetation, whereas showery or wet deposition is the transport of a substance from the atmosphere to the ground by snow, hail or rain. Once deposited on any vegetation, radionuclides are removed from plants by the airstre am and rain, either through percolation or by cuticular scratch. The increase in biomass during plant growth does not cause a loss of activity, but it does lead to a decrease in activity concentration due to effective dilution. There is also systemic transport (translocation) of radionuclides within the plant subsequent to foliar uptake, leading the transfer of chemical components to other parts of the plant that have not been contaminated directly. This Book Provides Extensive And Comprehensive Information To Researchers And Academicians Who Are Interested In Radionuclide Contamination, Its Sources And Environmental Impact. It Is Also Useful For Graduate And Undergraduate Students Specializing In Radioactive-waste Disposal And Its Impact On Natural As Well As Manmade Environments. A Number Of Sites Are Affected By Large Legacies Of Waste From The Mining And Processing Of Radioactive Minerals. Over Recent Decades, Several Hundred Radioactive Isotopes (radioisotopes) Of Natural Elements Have Been Produced Artificially, Including 90sr, 137cs And 131i. Several Other Anthropogenic Radioactive Elements Have Also Been Produced In Large Quantities, For Example Technetium, Neptunium, Plutonium And Americium, Although Plutonium Does Occur Naturally In Trace Amounts In Uranium Ores. The Deposition Of Radionuclides On Vegetation And Soil, As Well As The Uptake From Polluted Aquifers (root Uptake Or Irrigation) Are The Initial Point For Their Transfer Into The Terrestrial Environment And Into Food Chains. There Are Two Principal Deposition Processes For The Removal Of Pollutants From The Atmosphere: Dry Deposition Is The Direct Transfer Through Absorption Of Gases And Particles By Natural Surfaces, Such As Vegetation, Whereas Showery Or Wet Deposition Is The Transport Of A Substance From The Atmosphere To The Ground By Snow, Hail Or Rain. Once Deposited On Any Vegetation, Radionuclide S Ar E Removed From Plants By The Airstream And Rain, Either Through Percolation Or By Cuticular Scratch. The Increase In Biomass During Plant Growth Does Not Cause A Loss Of Activity, But It Does Lead To A Decrease In Activity Concentration Due To Effective Dilution. There Is Also Systemic Transport (translocation) Of Radionuclides Within The Plant Subsequent To Foliar Uptake, Leading The Transfer Of Chemical Components To Other Parts Of The Plant That Have Not Been Contaminated Directly. Sources Contributing To Radionuclides In The Environment - With Focus On Radioactive Particles -- Mobility And Bioavailability Of Radionuclides In Soils -- The Influence Of Edaphic Factors On Spatial And Vertical Distribution Of Radionuclides In Soil -- Modelling Speciation And Distribution Of Radionuclides In Agricultural Soils -- Radiotracers As A Tool To Elucidate Trace Element Behaviour In The Water-sediment Interface -- Uptake And Retention Of Simulated Fallout Of Radiocaesium And Radiostrontium By Different Agriculture Crops -- Root Uptake/foliar Uptake Of Radionuclides In Natural Ecosystem -- Assessment Of Radioactivity In Forest And Grassland Ecosystems -- Terrestrial Environmental Dynamics Of Radioactive Nuclides -- Biotransformation Of Radionuclides: Trends And Challenges -- Methods Of Decrease Of Radionuclides Transfer From Soil To Agricultural Vegetation -- Bacterial Diversity In Clay And Actinide Interactions With Bacterial Isolates In Relation To Nuclear Waste Disposal -- Analysis Of Radionuclides In Environmental Samples -- Uncertainty Analysis And Risk Assessment. Edited By Clemens Walther, Dharmendra K. Gupta. Front Matter....Pages i-x Sources Contributing to Radionuclides in the Environment: With Focus on Radioactive Particles....Pages 1-36 Mobility and Bioavailability of Radionuclides in Soils....Pages 37-59 The Influence of Edaphic Factors on Spatial and Vertical Distribution of Radionuclides in Soil....Pages 61-80 Modelling Speciation and Distribution of Radionuclides in Agricultural Soils....Pages 81-99 Radiotracers as a Tool to Elucidate Trace Element Behaviour in the Water–Sediment Interface....Pages 101-113 Uptake and Retention of Simulated Fallout of Radiocaesium and Radiostrontium by Different Agriculture Crops....Pages 115-132 Root Uptake/Foliar Uptake in a Natural Ecosystem....Pages 133-146 Assessment of Radioactivity in Forest and Grassland Ecosystems....Pages 147-157 Terrestrial Environmental Dynamics of Radioactive Nuclides....Pages 159-168 Biotransformation of Radionuclides: Trends and Challenges....Pages 169-184 Methods for Decrease of Radionuclides Transfer from Soil to Agricultural Vegetation....Pages 185-207 Bacterial Diversity in Clay and Actinide Interactions with Bacterial Isolates in Relation to Nuclear Waste Disposal....Pages 209-229 Analysis of Radionuclides in Environmental Samples....Pages 231-253 Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment....Pages 255-273