Radiography of the dog and cat : guide to making and interpreting radiographs

Radiography of the Dog and Cat A convenient and authoritative quick-reference guide to help you get the most from radiography of dogs and cats. In the newly revised second edition of Radiography of the Dog and Cat: Guide to Making and Interpreting Radiographs , the authors deliver a thorough update to a celebrated reference manual for all veterinary personnel, student to specialist, involved with canine and feline radiography. The book takes a straightforward approach to the fundamentals of radiography and provides easy-to-follow explanations of key points and concepts. Hundreds of new images have been added covering normal radiographic anatomy and numerous diseases and disorders. Readers of the book will also find: An expanded positioning guide along with images of properly positioned radiographs. Numerous examples of radiographic artifacts with explanations of their causes and remedies. Detailed explanations of many contrast radiography procedures, including indications, contraindications, and common pitfalls. Comprehensive treatments of Musculoskeletal, Thoracic, and Abdominal body parts, including both normal and abnormal radiographic appearances and variations in body types. Perfect for veterinary practitioners and students, the second edition of Radiography of the Dog and Cat: Guide to Making and Interpreting Radiographs is also a valuable handbook for veterinary technical staff seeking a one-stop reference for dog and cat radiography. Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Companion Website Introduction What is different about this book? Chapter 1 X-Rays Introduction X-rays X-ray production X-ray machine X-ray tube assembly Collimator Filtration Electrical supply to x-ray machine Operating console X-ray table Image receptors Film:screen image receptors Digital image receptors Geometry of the x-ray beam Focal spot Inverse square law Heel effect Distortion X-ray interactions with matter Grids Air gap Radiographic density Opacity Radiographic contrast Displayed contrast Radiographic detail Displayed radiographic detail Technique chart Variable kVp chart Adjustments to the technique chart Radiograph storage and distribution Radiation safety Biologic effects of radiation Measuring radiation exposure Protection from x-rays Dose creep Dosimetry Chapter 2 Radiographs Introduction – plan for success Orthogonal views Procedure for making radiographs Nomenclature Artifacts Dark or plus density artifacts Light or minus density artifacts Contrast radiography Indications for contrast radiography The ideal contrast medium Types of contrast media Adverse effects related to contrast media Procedures in contrast radiography Alimentary tract contrast studies Esophagography and swallowing studies Gastrography Upper gastrointestinal study (upper GI) Large intestine (colonography) Urogenital contrast studies Excretory urography Cystography Urethrography Vaginography Cardiovascular contrast studies Angiocardiography Pneumopericardiography Lymphography Venous portography Neurologic contrast studies Discography Epidurography Myelography Head contrast studies Dacryocystorhinography Otic canalography Rhinography Sialography Miscellaneous contrast studies Arthrography Fistulography Pleurography Peritoneography (celiography) Tracheobronchography Reading radiographs Evaluation of radiographs Detection of radiographic abnormalities Interpretation of radiographic findings Chapter 3 Thorax Introduction Procedure for making thoracic radiographs Radiographic views of the thorax Patient factors Immature animals Aged animals Obese animals Emaciated animals Breed conformation Effects of positioning Thoracic wall Normal radiographic anatomy Thickened thoracic wall Thoracic wall mass Abnormal bony thorax Diaphragm Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position of the diaphragm Diaphragmatic hernia Diaphragm mass Pleura and Pleural Space Normal radiographic anatomy Pleural fissure lines Pleural fluid Pleural gas Pleural mass Mediastinum Normal radiographic anatomy Mediastinal shift Abnormal width of the mediastinum Abnormal opacity in the mediastinum Esophagus Normal radiographic anatomy Contrast radiography of the esophagus Abnormal content or opacity in the esophagus Abnormal size and margination of the esophagus Esophagitis Esophageal diverticulum Gastroesophageal intussusception Vascular ring anomaly Heart Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position of the cardiac silhouette Abnormal size or shape of the cardiac silhouette Heart chamber enlargements Major vessels Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal major vessels Congenital heart disease Cardiovascular stenoses Cardiovascular shunts Acquired heart disease Cardiomyopathy Endocardiosis Heartworm disease Heart failure Trachea Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position of the trachea Abnormal size of the trachea Abnormal opacity associated with the trachea Ruptured trachea Lungs Normal radiographic anatomy Evaluating the lungs Specific lung diseases Lung collapse Pulmonary edema Allergic lung disease Pulmonary emphysema Pneumonia Pulmonary hemorrhage Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary neoplasia Lung lobe torsion Differential diagnoses for thorax Thoracic wall Diaphragm Pleura and pleural space Mediastinum Esophagus Cardiac silhouette Trachea Lungs Chapter 4 Abdomen Introduction to abdominal radiography Procedure for making abdominal radiographs Patient factors Immature animals Aged animals Obese animals Emaciated animals Effects of positioning Abdominal cavity Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal size of the abdomen Abnormal abdominal wall Abnormal opacity in the abdominal cavity Intra-abdominal mass Liver Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal liver position Abnormal liver size Abnormal liver opacity Spleen Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal spleen position Abnormal spleen size and shape Abnormal spleen opacity Pancreas Normal radiographic anatomy Pancreatic disease Gastrointestinal tract Stomach Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal stomach position Abnormal stomach size Abnormal stomach content and opacity Gastrography Small intestine Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position of the small intestine Abnormal size of the small intestine Abnormal opacity or content in the small intestine Upper GI study Linear foreign material Intussusception Large intestine Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position or shape of large intestine Abnormal size of large intestine Abnormal content or opacity in large intestine Colonography Colitis Cecal inversion Urogenital tract Kidneys and ureters Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal kidney position Abnormal kidney size Abnormal kidney opacity Excretory urography Kidney inflammation Kidney mass Perirenal pseudocyst Hydronephrosis Ruptured kidney or ureter Ectopic ureter Urinary bladder Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal position of urinary bladder Abnormal size of urinary bladder Abnormal shape of urinary bladder Abnormal opacity or content in the urinary bladder Cystography Urethra Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal appearance of the urethra Urethrography Male genital system Normal radiographic anatomy Prostate gland abnormalities Testicle abnormalities Penile abnormalities Female genital system Normal radiographic anatomy Ovary abnormalities Uterus abnormalities Gravid uterus Abnormal pregnancy Vagina Hermaphroditism Adrenal glands Normal radiographic anatomy Adrenal gland abnormalities Abnormal adrenal gland function Differential diagnoses for abdomen Types of masses or nodules Abnormal position of a structure Abnormal size of a structure Abnormal shape of a structure Abnormal number of a structure Abnormal opacity in a structure Abnormal function of a structure Abdominal cavity Abnormal size of the abdominal cavity Abnormal abdominal wall thickness or opacity Abnormal intra-abdominal opacity Indistinct peritoneal serosal margins Liver Abnormal liver position Abnormal liver size Abnormal liver opacity Spleen Abnormal spleen position Abnormal spleen size Abnormal spleen shape Abnormal spleen opacity Pancreas Pancreatic disease Stomach Abnormal stomach position Abnormal size of stomach Abnormal stomach wall Abnormal stomach content or opacity Delayed gastric emptying Small intestine Abnormal position of small intestine Abnormal enlargement of small intestine Abnormal transit through the small intestine Abnormal opacity in small intestine Large intestine Abnormal position of large intestine Abnormal size of large intestine Abnormal content or opacity in large intestine Kidneys Abnormal position of kidneys Abnormal size and shape of kidneys Abnormal number of kidneys Abnormal opacity in kidneys Urinary bladder Abnormal position of urinary bladder Abnormal size of urinary bladder Abnormal shape of urinary bladder Abnormal content or opacity in urinary bladder Thickened urinary bladder wall Extravasation of contrast agent during cystography Urethra Abnormal size of urethra Abnormal urethral opacity Prostate gland Prostatomegaly Abnormal opacity in prostate gland Uterus Non-visualization of the uterus Localized uterine enlargement Generalized uterine enlargement Displacement of the uterus Dystocia Abnormal opacity in uterus Adrenal glands Abnormal adrenal gland size Adrenal gland mineralization Chapter 5 Musculoskeleton Introduction to musculoskeletal radiography Procedure for making musculoskeletal radiographs Soft tissues Orthopedic anatomic considerations Types of bone Shapes of bones Bone development Bone response to disease or injury Patterns of bone remodeling Bone production Bone loss Fractures Fracture healing Fracture complications Physeal injuries and limb deformities Osteomyelitis Osseous neoplasia Benign conditions of bone Congenital and developmental abnormalities Abnormal number of bones Chondrodysplasia Hyperparathyroidism Osteogenesis imperfecta Rickets Mucopolysaccharidosis Canine leukocyte adhesion disorder (CLAD) Asynchronous growth and limb deformity Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) Retained cartilage core (distal ulna) Panosteitis Joints Normal radiographic anatomy Abnormal joint apposition Joint swelling Joint mineralization Gas in joints Joint diseases Congenital and developmental malformations Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Arthritis Neoplasia of joints Osteochondrosis Appendicular skeleton Shoulder Normal radiographic anatomy Shoulder degenerative joint disease Shoulder fractures Shoulder luxation Shoulder osteochondrosis Shoulder tendinopathy Elbow Normal radiographic anatomy Elbow degenerative joint disease Elbow dysplasia Elbow Fractures Elbow luxation and subluxation Patella cubiti Radioulnar ischemic necrosis (RUIN) Carpus Normal radiographic anatomy Carpal luxation and subluxation Carpal fractures Carpal stenosing tenosynovitis Digits Normal radiographic anatomy Digit fracture or luxation Digit neoplasia Digital osteomyelitis Digit intraosseous epidermoid cyst Pelvis Normal radiographic anatomy Avascular necrosis of the femoral head Coxofemoral degenerative joint disease Hip dysplasia Pelvic fractures and luxations Stifle Normal radiographic anatomy Stifle degenerative joint disease Stifle cruciate ligament injuries Stifle fractures and luxations Tibial cartilage rest Stifle neoplasia Stifle osteochondrosis Multipartite sesamoid bones Tarsus Normal radiographic anatomy Tarsal common calcanean tendon injury Tarsus degenerative joint disease Tarsal fractures and luxations Tarsal osteochondrosis Axial skeleton Vertebral column Normal radiographic anatomy Spinal abnormalities Abnormal alignment of the spine Abnormal number of vertebrae Abnormal spinal canal Abnormal vertebral opacity Hypervitaminosis A Spondylosis deformans Abnormal vertebral shape Spinal fractures and luxations Abnormal intervertebral disc spaces Spinal cord disorders Cervical spondylomyelopathy Head and neck Normal radiographic anatomy Skull radiographs Multilobular tumor of the skull Craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) Cranial vault fractures Hydrocephalus Otitis (externa, media, and interna) Nasal cavity and frontal sinus Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Temporomandibular joint dysplasia Subluxation/luxation of temporomandibular joint Teeth Dental calculus Dental caries Feline tooth resorption Tooth fractures Periodontal disease Tooth root abscess Metabolic disease Tooth neoplasia Salivary glands and nasolacrimal duct Sialolithiasis Sialocele Salivary duct fistula Salivary gland neoplasia Nasolacrimal duct abnormalities Pharynx and larynx Pharyngeal swelling Dysphagia and cricopharyngeal achalasia Laryngeal disease Hyoid bone diseases Differential diagnoses for musculoskeleton Abnormal position of limb Increased size of soft tissues Decreased size of soft tissues Abnormal shape of soft tissues is usually related to focal enlargements or focal decreases in size Increased opacity in soft tissues Decreased opacity in soft tissues General bone abnormalities Distribution of bone lesions Abnormal position of bone Abnormal opacity in bone Both increased opacity and/or decreased opacity in bone Decreased opacity in bone Increased opacity in bone Abnormal bone size and shape Chondrodysplasia (dwarfism) Fractures Types of fractures Radiographic findings of a fracture complication Factors that affect fracture healing. Joints Abnormal joint alignment Narrowed joint space Widened joint space Shoulder mineral opacity structures Elbow mineral opacity structures Stifle mineral opacity structures Spine Abnormal spinal alignment Abnormal shape of vertebrae Abnormal size of spinal canal Abnormal intervertebral disc space Causes of lumbosacral disease Myelogram lesions Skull Cranium abnormalities Frontal sinus abnormalities Nasal cavity abnormalities Teeth abnormalities Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) abnormalities Pharynx and larynx abnormalities Glossary of Radiologic Terms Index EULA