Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field : Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Held at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway August 16–September 3, 1965

This book contains the lectures presented at the Advanced Study Institute, 'Radiation Trapped in the Earth's Magnetic Field' which was held at the Bergen Tekniske Skole, Bergen, Norway, during the period August 16 through September 3, 1965. Approximately one-third of the time was devoted to discussion. The various Session Chairmen have summarized the essential points brought out in these discussion periods which were generally quite spirited. The authors and the publisher have made a special effort to rapidly publish an up-to-date status concerning the various aspects of trapped radiation. Almost all authors turned in their manuscripts prior to the end of the Institute and all prior to September 30, 1965. It was clearly recognized that rapid publication was essential in this rapidly changing research area. Special thanks are due to the Host, Dr. Odd Dahl, Chr. Michelsen Institute, for making all of the arrangements in Bergen, including excellent living and working facilities. Direct financial support was provided the Institute by: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Air Force Cam­ bridge Research Laboratories, Army Research Office, Defence Atomic Support Agency, and the Office of Naval Research. Front Matter....Pages I-XIV Opening Talk....Pages 1-3 Front Matter....Pages 5-5 Models of the Earth’s Magnetic Field....Pages 7-25 Adiabatic Theory of Charged Particle Motion....Pages 26-44 Magnetic Coordinates....Pages 45-61 Future Magnetic Field for B-L Space....Pages 62-62 Front Matter....Pages 63-63 Some General Aspects of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation....Pages 65-75 Some Cosmic Ray and Radiation Belt Observations Based on Data from the Anton 302 G-M Counter in Ariel I....Pages 76-99 Low Altitude Measurements of Trapped Electrons....Pages 100-111 Resonance Acceleration of Particles in the Inner Radiation Belt....Pages 112-115 Energy Spectrum of Inner Zone Protons....Pages 116-128 Electron and Proton Observations....Pages 129-154 Temporal Stability of Inner Zone Protons....Pages 155-164 Some Observations of the Distribution of Energetic Protons in the Earth’s Radiation Belts between 1962 and 1964....Pages 165-184 Summary of Inner Zone Protons....Pages 185-186 Conclusions on Neutron Albedo Decay Source....Pages 187-188 Front Matter....Pages 189-189 The Alouette Satellite Results....Pages 191-214 Outer Zone Protons....Pages 215-230 Vela Satellite Measurements of Particles in the Solar Wind and the Distant Geomagnetosphere....Pages 231-255 Trapped Radiation Estimates for the Other Planets....Pages 256-262 Outer Zone Electrons....Pages 263-283 Front Matter....Pages 285-285 Origin and Loss of Inner Zone Protons....Pages 287-301 Particle Effects in the Geomagnetic Field....Pages 302-320 Precipitation of Electrons and Protons into the Atmosphere....Pages 321-336 Loss Rates of Trapped Electrons by Atmospheric Collisions....Pages 337-351 Source of Outer Zone Protons....Pages 352-368 Diffusion of Protons in the Outer Radiation Belt....Pages 369-372 Longitude Dependence of Geomagnetically Trapped Electrons....Pages 373-377 On the Observation of Ionospheric Effects due to Dumping of Trapped Particles....Pages 378-385 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Survey of Acceleration and Diffusion....Pages 389-397 Coefficients of Diffusion in the Outer Radiation Belt....Pages 398-402 Electron Loss from the Van Allen Zones due to Pitch Angle Scattering by Electromagnetic Disturbances....Pages 403-421 Observations of Magnetospheric Boundary Phenomena....Pages 422-446 Magnetospheric Models....Pages 447-456 Nature of the Outer Magnetosphere and the Magnetopause Theory....Pages 457-480 The Motion of Trapped Particles in a Distorted Field....Pages 481-490 Some Plasma Instabilities of the Magnetosphere....Pages 491-503 Auroral Phenomena Associated with Particle Precipitations....Pages 504-537 Ionospheric Response to Particle Precipitation by f min -Blackout Technique....Pages 538-546 The Tail of the Magnetosphere and Particle Acceleration....Pages 547-550 A Fluid Model for the Interaction of the Solar Wind and the Geomagnetic Field....Pages 551-562 Front Matter....Pages 563-563 Sources of Artificial Radiation Belts....Pages 565-574 Spatial Distribution and Time Decay of the Intensities of Geomagnetically Trapped Electrons from the High Altitude Nuclear Burst of July 1962....Pages 575-592 Measurements of Trapped Electron Intensities Made by the Explorer XV Satellite....Pages 593-609 Observations of the Transient Behavior of Electrons in the Artificial Radiation Belts....Pages 610-633 Some Observations of the Trapped Electrons Produced by the Russian High-Altitude Nuclear Detonation of October 28, 1962....Pages 634-662 The Trapped Electron Spectra from the Starfish Detonation and from the Outer Belt in the Fall of 1962....Pages 663-665 Overall Analysis of Experiments on Artificial Radiation Belts....Pages 666-670 The Motion of Bomb Debris Following the Starfish Test....Pages 671-692 Energetic Electrons from Shock Heating in the Exosphere....Pages 693-700 Front Matter....Pages 701-701 Synchrotron Radiation Measurements near the Magnetic Equator....Pages 703-713 Theoretical Model of Synchrotron Radiation and Comparison with Observations....Pages 714-754 Front Matter....Pages 755-755 Effects of Trapped Radiation on Electronic Devices....Pages 757-792 Radiation Damage to Orbiting Solar Cells and Transistors....Pages 793-807 A Method for Calculation of Average Radiation Fluxes on Satellites....Pages 808-814 Front Matter....Pages 815-815 Predictions and Observations for Space Flight....Pages 817-845 Shielding Techniques....Pages 846-864 A Model Proton Environment above 4 Mev....Pages 865-874 Some New Methods for Space Shielding Calculations....Pages 875-886 Summary....Pages 887-889 Back Matter....Pages 891-901