Quantitative Demography and Health Estimates : Healthy Life Expectancy, Templates for Direct Estimates From Life Tables and Other Applications

This book provides new theoretic and applied material with focus on quantitative methods and data analysis techniques applied in demography, population studies, health issues and statistics. It discusses the quantitative techniques to estimate the healthy life expectancy by expanding the classical life tables to include the proportion with disability calculated from life tables, along with the Sullivan method. The provided templates apply immediately to the life tables from WHO, HMD, Eurostat and other life table providers. Furthermore, the book explores the possibility of creating new health indicators along with Covid-19 pandemic management, factors associated to loneliness and an alcohol indicator. Part of the book is devoted to mortality, epidemic models, and the supercentenarians age estimation. Data analysis and artificial intelligence methods are included to apply in demographic and socio-economic cases. By providing a methodology to cope with health problems in demography and society by quantifying important health parameters, this book is a valuable guide for researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from various disciplines and especially health scientists, statisticians, economists, and sociologists. Contents Part I Healthy Life Expectancy Estimates 1 Expanding the Life Tables to Include the Healthy LifeExpectancy 1.1 Introduction and Model Building 1.2 Summary and Conclusions References 2 The Direct Healthy Life Expectancy Estimates from Life Tables to Support HALE Measures Done by the World Health Organization. A New Tool for a Standard Measure 2.1 General 2.2 The Uncertainty Interval (UI) 2.3 The HLYL Estimation Method 2.4 Applications 2.5 Summary and Conclusions References 3 Expanding the Life Tables for Companion Dogs in UK and Japan to Include the Healthy Life Expectancy 3.1 Introduction and Model Building 3.2 Morbidity Data 3.3 Summary and Conclusions References 4 Direct Healthy Life Expectancy Estimates from Life Tables with a Sullivan Extension: The Case of Brazil 2003 4.1 The HLYL Estimation Method 4.2 Program for the Estimates 4.3 A Further HLE Estimate Based on the Sullivan Method 4.4 Conclusions and Further Study References 5 Assessment of the CASP-12 Scale Among People Aged 50+ in Europe: An Analysis Using SHARE Data 5.1 Background 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Measurement Instrument 5.2.2 Participants 5.2.3 Statistical Analysis 5.2.3.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 5.2.3.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis 5.2.3.3 Internal Consistency 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 5.3.2 CASP-12 Reliability 5.3.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis 5.3.4 Construct Validity of the CASP-10 Scale 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Possibilities of Creating New Health Indicators 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Summary Measures of Population Health 6.3 Minimum European Health Module 6.4 Analysis of Sensitivity for the Middle Category of Self-Rated Health and a Proposal for a New Variable 6.5 Challenges and Limitations in Data Collection 6.6 Conclusions References Part II Health – Covid-19 7 Exploring Cross-National Comparability of Unidimensional Constructs 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.2.1 Participants 7.2.2 Measures and Item Selection 7.2.3 Statistical Analyses 7.2.3.1 Preliminary Decisions 7.2.3.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) 7.2.3.3 Overall Measurements Construction and Psychometric Properties Assessment 7.3 Results 7.3.1 Item Selection 7.3.2 Validation of the Overall Measurements of Functioning 7.3.2.1 CFA 7.3.2.2 Overall Measurements of Functioning Construction and Assessment 7.3.2.3 Overall Measurements of Functioning Values on Satisfaction with Life and Happiness: Cross-National Mean Scores Comparison 7.4 Conclusions References 8 A Stochastic Characterization of Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV 2 Virus 8.1 Theoretical Background 8.1.1 Comparing Samples from Markov Processes 8.1.2 Classifying Samples from Markov Processes 8.2 SARS CoV 2 Sequences 8.3 Results 8.4 Concluding Remarks References 9 Factors Associated with Direct and Indirect Aspects of Loneliness Among Europeans Aged 50 or Higher 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Data and Methods 9.3 Results 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Neuropsychological Normed Measures for the Tinker Toy Test (TTT). Exploring Latent Structures 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Neuropsychological Assessment. The Case of TTT 10.3 The Linear Logistic Test Model – LLTM 10.4 Exploring the LLTM in the TTT Assessment 10.5 Conclusions References 11 A Tool for Measuring Alcohol Policy Scoring in Czechia and EU: The Innovative Alcohol Policy Indicator 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and methods 11.3 Results 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusions References Part III Population and Mortality 12 Analyzing Euler and Süßmilch's Population Growth Model 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Population Statistics in Süßmilch's Chapter Eight 12.3 Matrix Population Model of Euler and Süßmilch 12.3.1 Presentation and Results 12.3.2 Solution of the Projection Equation 12.3.3 Influence of the Cyclical Components 12.4 Further Considerations 12.4.1 More Realistic Mortality Assumptions 12.4.2 Another Projection of Euler 12.4.3 Effect of Maximum Age 12.4.4 Annual Instead of Biennial Projection Steps 12.5 Conclusions Appendix References 13 Epidemic Models with Several Levels of Immunity 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Stochastic Model and the Corresponding Deterministic Dynamics 13.3 The Algorithm for Numerical Simulations 13.4 The Convergence Result 13.5 Numerical Simulations 13.6 Conclusions References 14 Preventable Neonatal Deaths and Maternal and Child Factors in a Region of Brazil: Panel Data Modeling 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Materials and Methods 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.4 Conclusion References 15 Comparing the Mortality Regimes in 39 Populations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Data and Methods 15.3 The Procedure of Calculating Modal Age at Death and the Width of the Old Age Heap 15.4 Results 15.5 Discussion and Conclusions References 16 Kane Tanaka's 119 Birthday and the Supercentenarians' Age Estimation. Further Remarks on the Oldest Old Record of 122 Years by Jeanne Calment 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Mathematical Model 16.3 The Saito-Ishii-Robine (2021) Centenarian and Supercentenarian Death Data in Japan (1951–2015) 16.4 Validating the MRAD 16.4.1 The Data. Fit and Projections 16.5 Summary and Conclusions References 17 Recent Changes in Human Mortality: The Case Study of Greece 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Data and Methods 17.2.1 Data 17.2.2 Methodology 17.3 Mapping Mortality 17.4 Results 17.5 Conclusions Visualization of Interactive Maps (Andreopoulos P., 2021): References Part IV Data Analysis 18 Optimal Maintenance Policy for a Two-State System with Population Heterogeneity Under Partial Observation 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Model 18.2.1 Model Description 18.2.2 Decision Making for CBM 18.3 Optimal Maintenance Policy 18.3.1 Preliminary Definitions 18.3.2 Optimal Monotone Maintenance Policy 18.3.3 Effectiveness of Considering Heterogeneity 18.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 18.4 Conclusion References 19 Measuring Transition Smoothness into European LabourMarket(s) 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Constructing a Composite Indicator of Transition Smoothness 19.3 Results 19.4 Conclusions References 20 Could the Idea of Equitable Normal Pension Age Stabilize the Pension System? 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Intergenerationally Equitable Normal Pension Age 20.3 Methodological Remarks and Data 20.4 Results 20.5 Conclusions References 21 The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging. Scientific Research and Opinions of Doctors and Radiologists Towards the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Theoretical Background 21.2.1 Artificial Intelligence 21.2.2 Machine Learning 21.2.3 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 21.2.4 Research Objectives 21.2.5 Methodology 21.3 Research Foundings 21.3.1 Demographic Characteristics 21.4 Level of Knowledge of Technologists and Medical Radiologists on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 21.5 Level of Knowledge of Technologists and Medical Radiologists on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Radiology 21.5.1 Viewpoints of AI in Medical Imaging 21.5.2 Study Findings 21.6 Conclusions References Part V Demography and Society 22 A Topological Approach of Clustering 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Topological Context 22.2.1 Reference Adjacency Matrices 22.2.2 Topological Equivalence 22.2.3 Topological Analysis: Selective Review 22.3 Illustrative Example 22.4 Conclusion Appendix References 23 Semantic Integration of Data: From Theory to Social Research Practice 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Terminology and Research Methodology 23.3 Conceptualising Digital Leisure 23.4 Ontology Construction 23.5 Conclusions References 24 To Read on Not to Read? Examining the Relation Between Students' Well-Being and Their Attitude Towards Reading 24.1 Introduction 24.2 The Survey's Identity and Preliminary Analysis 24.3 Examining the Association Between Students' Positive Feelings and Their Attitude Towards Reading 24.4 Conclusions and Further Discussion References 25 The Demographic, Social and Regional “Profile” of Peoples' Perceptions of Their Social Class: Evidence from the Seventh Wave of the World Values Survey, 2017 –2020 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Method 25.2.1 Procedure and Participants 25.2.2 Background Variables 25.2.3 Statistical Analyses 25.3 Results 25.3.1 The Demographic and Social “Profile” of Social Class Perceptions 25.3.2 The Regional “Profile” of Social Class Perceptions 25.4 Conclusions References