Python for Data Analysis: A Complete Guide for Beginners, Including Python Statistics and Big Data Analysis.

Audience: This book is designed as a primary text for a C course at the undergraduate level.Previous programming experience in a high-level language or assembler is helpfulbut not necessary for a computer-literate reader.But even C must change with the times. The need for a new edition of C Pro-gramming: A Modern Approach became apparent when the C99 standard was pub-lished. Moreover, the first edition, with its references to DOS and 16-bit processors,was becoming dated. The second edition is fully up-to-date and has been improvedin many other ways as well.Includes a quick reference to all C89 and C99 library functions. AppendixD in the first edition described all C89 standard library functions. In this edi-tion, the appendix covers all C89 and C99 library functions.Expanded coverage of GCC. In the years since the first edition, use of GCChas spread with significant advantages, including high quality, low (i.e.,no) cost, and portability across a variety of hardware and software platforms.In recognition of its growing importance, I’ve included more information aboutGCC in this edition, including discussions of how to use it as well as commonGCC error messages and warnings.Updated to reflect today’s CPUs and operating systems. When I wrote thefirst edition, 16-bit architectures and the DOS operating system were still rele-vant to many readers, but such is not the case today. I’ve updated the discus-sion to focus more on 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. The rise of Linux andother versions of UNIX has dictated a stronger focus on that family of operat-ing systems, although aspects of Windows and the Mac OS operating systemthat affect C programmers are mentioned as well.Download the source programs from:http://knking.com/books/c2/cprogs2.zip C Programming (Second Edition) Title Page Copyright Information Brief Contents Contents Preface 1. INTRODUCING C 1.1 History of C Origins Standardization C-Based Languages 1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of C Strengths Weaknesses Effective Use of C 2. C FUNDAMENTALS 2.1 Writing a Simple Program Program: Printing a Pun Compiling and Linking Integrated Development Environments 2.2 The General Form of a Simple Program Directives Functions Statements Printing Strings 2.3 Comments 2.4 Variables and Assignment Types Declarations Assignment Printing the Value of a Variable Program: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box Initialization Printing Expressions 2.5 Reading Input Program: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box (Revisited) 2.6 Defining Names for Constants Program: Converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius 2.7 Identifiers Keywords 2.8 Layout of a C Program 3. FORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT 3.1 The printf Function Conversion Specifications Program: Using printf to Format Numbers Escape Sequences 3.2 The scanf Function How scanf Works Ordinary Characters in Format Strings Confusing printf with scanf Program: Adding Fractions 4. EXPRESSIONS 4.1 Arithmetic Operators Operator Precedence and Associativity Program: Computing a UPC Check Digit 4.2 Assignment Operators Simple Assignment Lvalues Compound Assignment 4.3 Increment and Decrement Operators 4.4 Expression Evaluation Order of Subexpression Evaluation 4.5 Expression Statements 5. SELECTION STATEMENTS 5.1 Logical Expressions Relational Operators Equality Operators Logical Operators 5.2 The if Statement Compound Statements The else Clause Cascaded if Statements Program: Calculating a Broker’s Commission The “Dangling else” Problem Conditional Expressions Boolean Values in C89 Boolean Values in C99 5.3 The switch Statement The Role of the break Statement Program: Printing a Date in Legal Form 6. LOOPS 6.1 The while Statement Infinite Loops Program: Printing a Table of Squares Program: Summing a Series of Numbers 6.2 The do Statement Program: Calculating the Number of Digits in an Integer 6.3 The for Statement for Statement Idioms Omitting Expressions in a for Statement for Statements in C99 The Comma Operator Program: Printing a Table of Squares (Revisited) 6.4 Exiting from a Loop The break Statement The continue Statement The goto Statement Program: Balancing a Checkbook 6.5 The Null Statement 7. BASIC TYPES 7.1 Integer Types Integer Types in C99 Integer Constants Integer Constants in C99 Integer Overflow Reading and Writing Integers Program: Summing a Series of Numbers (Revisited) 7.2 Floating Types Floating Constants Reading and Writing Floating-Point Numbers 7.3 Character Types Operations on Characters Signed and Unsigned Characters Arithmetic Types Escape Sequences Character-Handling Functions Reading and Writing Characters using scanf and printf Reading and Writing Characters using getchar and putchar Program: Determining the Length of a Message 7.4 Type Conversion The Usual Arithmetic Conversions Conversion During Assignment Implicit Conversions in C99 Casting 7.5 Type Definitions Advantages of Type Definitions Type Definitions and Portability 7.6 The sizeof Operator 8. ARRAYS 8.1 One-Dimensional Arrays Array Subscripting Program: Reversing a Series of Numbers Array Initialization Designated Initializers Program: Checking a Number for Repeated Digits Using the sizeof Operator with Arrays Program: Computing Interest 8.2 Multidimensional Arrays Initializing a Multidimensional Array Constant Arrays Program: Dealing a Hand of Cards 8.3 Variable-Length Arrays (C99) 9. FUNCTIONS 9.1 Defining and Calling Functions Program: Computing Averages Program: Printing a Countdown Program: Printing a Pun (Revisited) Function Definitions Function Calls Program: Testing Whether a Number Is Prime 9.2 Function Declarations 9.3 Arguments Argument Conversions Array Arguments Variable-Length Array Parameters Using static in Array Parameter Declarations Compound Literals 9.4 The return Statement 9.5 Program Termination The exit Function 9.6 Recursion The Quicksort Algorithm Program: Quicksort 10. PROGRAM ORGANIZATION 10.1 Local Variables Static Local Variables Parameters 10.2 External Variables Example: Using External Variables to Implement a Stack Pros and Cons of External Variables Program: Guessing a Number 10.3 Blocks 10.4 Scope 10.5 Organizing a C Program Program: Classifying a Poker Hand 11. POINTERS 11.1 Pointer Variables Declaring Pointer Variables 11.2 The Address and Indirection Operators The Address Operator The Indirection Operator 11.3 Pointer Assignment 11.4 Pointers as Arguments Program: Finding the Largest and Smallest Elements in an Array Using const to Protect Arguments 11.5 Pointers as Return Values 12. POINTERS AND ARRAYS 12.1 Pointer Arithmetic Adding an Integer to a Pointer Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer Subtracting One Pointer from Another Comparing Pointers Pointers to Compound Literals 12.2 Using Pointers for Array Processing Combining the * and ++ Operators 12.3 Using an Array Name as a Pointer Program: Reversing a Series of Numbers (Revisited Array Arguments (Revisited) Using a Pointer as an Array Name 12.4 Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays Processing the Elements of a Multidimensional Array Processing the Rows of a Multidimensional Array Processing the Columns of a Multidimensional Array Using the Name of a Multidimensional Array as a Pointer 12.5 Pointers and Variable-Length Arrays (C99) 13. STRINGS 13.1 String Literals Escape Sequences in String Literals Continuing a String Literal How String Literals Are Stored Operations on String Literals String Literals versus Character Constants 13.2 String Variables Initializing a String Variable Character Arrays versus Character Pointers 13.3 Reading and Writing Strings Writing Strings Using printf and puts Reading Strings Using scanf and gets Reading Strings Character by Character 13.4 Accessing the Characters in a String 13.5 Using the C String Library The strcpy (String Copy) Function The strlen (String Length) Function The strcat (String Concatenation) Function The strcmp (String Comparison) Function Program: Printing a One-Month Reminder List 13.6 String Idioms Searching for the End of a String Copying a String 13.7 Arrays of Strings Command-Line Arguments Program: Checking Planet Names 14. THE PREPROCESSOR 14.1 How the Preprocessor Works 14.2 Preprocessing Directives 14.3 Macro Definitions Simple Macros Parameterized Macros The # Operator The ## Operator General Properties of Macros Parentheses in Macro Definitions Creating Longer Macros Predefined Macros Additional Predefined Macros in C99 Empty Macro Arguments Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments The __func__ Identifier 14.4 Conditional Compilation The #if and #endif Directives The defined Operator The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives The #elif and #else Directives Uses of Conditional Compilation 14.5 Miscellaneous Directives The #error Directive The #line Directive The #pragma Directive The _Pragma Operator 15. WRITING LARGE PROGRAMS 15.1 Source Files 15.2 Header Files The #include Directive Sharing Macro Definitions and Type Definitions Sharing Function Prototypes Sharing Variable Declarations Nested Includes Protecting Header Files #error Directives in Header Files 15.3 Dividing a Program into Files Program: Text Formatting 15.4 Building a Multiple-File Program Makefiles Errors During Linking Rebuilding a Program Defining Macros Outside a Program 16. STRUCTURES, UNIONS, AND ENUMERATIONS 16.1 Structure Variables Declaring Structure Variables Initializing Structure Variables Designated Initializers Operations on Structures 16.2 Structure Types Declaring a Structure Tag Defining a Structure Type Structures as Arguments and Return Values Compound Literals 16.3 Nested Arrays and Structures Nested Structures Arrays of Structures Initializing an Array of Structures Program: Maintaining a Parts Database 16.4 Unions Using Unions to Save Space Using Unions to Build Mixed Data Structures Adding a “Tag Field” to a Union 16.5 Enumerations Enumeration Tags and Type Names Enumerations as Integers Using Enumerations to Declare “Tag Fields” 17. ADVANCED USES OF POINTERS 17.1 Dynamic Storage Allocation Memory Allocation Functions Null Pointers 17.2 Dynamically Allocated Strings Using malloc to Allocate Memory for a String Using Dynamic Storage Allocation in String Functions Arrays of Dynamically Allocated Strings Program: Printing a One-Month Reminder List (Revisited) 17.3 Dynamically Allocated Arrays Using malloc to Allocate Storage for an Array The calloc Function The realloc Function 17.4 Deallocating Storage The free Function The “Dangling Pointer” Problem 17.5 Linked Lists Declaring a Node Type Creating a Node The -> Operator Inserting a Node at the Beginning of a Linked List Searching a Linked List Deleting a Node from a Linked List Ordered Lists Program: Maintaining a Parts Database (Revisited) 17.6 Pointers to Pointers 17.7 Pointers to Functions Function Pointers as Arguments The qsort Function Other Uses of Function Pointers Program: Tabulating the Trigonometric Functions 17.8 Restricted Pointers (C99) 17.9 Flexible Array Members (C99) 18. DECLARATIONS 18.1 Declaration Syntax 18.2 Storage Classes Properties of Variables The auto Storage Class The static Storage Class The extern Storage Class The register Storage Class The Storage Class of a Function Summary 18.3 Type Qualifiers 18.4 Declarators Deciphering Complex Declarations Using Type Definitions to Simplify Declarations 18.5 Initializers Uninitialized Variables 18.6 Inline Functions (C99) Inline Definitions Restrictions on Inline Functions Using Inline Functions with GCC 19. PROGRAM DESIGN 19.1 Modules Cohesion and Coupling Types of Modules 19.2 Information Hiding A Stack Module 19.3 Abstract Data Types Encapsulation Incomplete Types 19.4 A Stack Abstract Data Type Defining the Interface for the Stack ADT Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Fixed-Length Array Changing the Item Type in the Stack ADT Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Dynamic Array Implementing the Stack ADT Using a Linked List 19.5 Design Issues for Abstract Data Types Naming Conventions Error Handling Generic ADTs ADTs in Newer Languages 20. LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING 20.1 Bitwise Operators Bitwise Shift Operators Bitwise Complement, And, Exclusive Or, and Inclusive Or Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bits Using the Bitwise Operators to Access Bit-Fields Program: XOR Encryption 20.2 Bit-Fields in Structures How Bit-Fields Are Stored 20.3 Other Low-Level Techniques Defining Machine-Dependent Types Using Unions to Provide Multiple Views of Data Using Pointers as Addresses Program: Viewing Memory Locations The volatile Type Qualifier 21. THE STANDARD LIBRARY 21.1 Using the Library Restrictions on Names Used in the Library Functions Hidden by Macros 21.2 C89 Library Overview 21.3 C99 Library Changes 21.4 The Header: Common Definitions 21.5 The Header (C99): Boolean Type and Values 22. INPUT/OUTPUT 22.1 Streams File Pointers Standard Streams and Redirection Text Files versus Binary Files 22.2 File Operations Opening a File Modes Closing a File Attaching a File to an Open Stream Obtaining File Names from the Command Line Program: Checking Whether a File Can Be Opened Temporary Files File Buffering Miscellaneous File Operations 22.3 Formatted I/O The ...printf Functions ...printf Conversion Specifications C99 Changes to ...printf Conversion Specifications Examples of ...printf Conversion Specifications The ...scanf Functions ...scanf Format Strings ...scanf Conversion Specifications C99 Changes to ...scanf Conversion Specifications scanf Examples Detecting End-of-File and Error Conditions 22.4 Character I/O Output Functions Input Functions Program: Copying a File 22.5 Line I/O Output Functions Input Functions 22.6 Block I/O 22.7 File Positioning Program: Modifying a File of Part Records 22.8 String I/O Output Functions Input Functions 23. LIBRARY SUPPORT FOR NUMBERS AND CHARACTER DATA 23.1 The Header: Characteristics of Floating Types 23.2 The Header: Sizes of Integer Types 23.3 The Header (C89): Mathematics Errors Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Power Functions Nearest Integer, Absolute Value, and Remainder Functions 23.4 The Header (C99): Mathematics IEEE Floating-Point Standard Types Macros Errors Functions Classification Macros Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Power and Absolute Value Functions Error and Gamma Functions Nearest Integer Functions Remainder Functions Manipulation Functions Maximum, Minimum, and Positive Difference Functions Floating Multiply-Add Comparison Macros 23.5 The Header: Character Handling Character-Classification Functions Program: Testing the Character-Classification Functions Character Case-Mapping Functions Program: Testing the Case-Mapping Functions 23.6 The Header: String Handling Copying Functions Concatenation Functions Comparison Functions Search Functions Miscellaneous Functions 24. ERROR HANDLING 24.1 The Header: Diagnostics 24.2 The Header: Errors The perror and strerror Functions 24.3 The Header: Signal Handling Signal Macros The signal Function Predefined Signal Handlers The raise Function Program: Testing Signals 24.4 The Header: Nonlocal Jumps Program: Testing setjmp/longjmp 25. INTERNATIONAL FEATURES 25.1 The Header: Localization Categories The setlocale Function The localeconv Function 25.2 Multibyte Characters and Wide Characters Multibyte Characters Wide Characters Unicode and the Universal Character Set Encodings of Unicode Multibyte/Wide-Character Conversion Functions Multibyte/Wide-String Conversion Functions 25.3 Digraphs and Trigraphs Trigraphs Digraphs The Header: Alternative Spellings 25.4 Universal Character Names (C99) 25.5 The Header (C99): Extended Multibyte and Wide-Character Utilities Stream Orientation Formatted Wide-Character Input/Output Functions Wide-Character Input/Output Functions General Wide-String Utilities Wide-Character Time-Conversion Functions Extended Multibyte/Wide-Character Conversion Utilities 25.6 The Header (C99): Wide-Character Classification and Mapping Utilities Wide-Character Classification Functions Extensible Wide-Character Classification Functions Wide-Character Case-Mapping Functions Extensible Wide-Character Case-Mapping Functions 26. MISCELLANEOUS LIBRARY FUNCTIONS 26.1 The Header: Variable Arguments Calling a Function with a Variable Argument List The v...printf Functions The v...scanf Functions 26.2 The Header: General Utilities Numeric Conversion Functions Program: Testing the Numeric Conversion Functions Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions Program: Testing the Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation Functions Communication with the Environment Searching and Sorting Utilities Program: Determining Air Mileage Integer Arithmetic Functions 26.3 The Header: Date and Time Time Manipulation Functions Time Conversion Functions Program: Displaying the Date and Time 27. ADDITIONAL C99 SUPPORT FOR MATHEMATICS 27.1 The Header (C99): Integer Types Types Limits of Specified-Width Integer Types Limits of Other Integer Types Macros for Integer Constants 27.2 The Header (C99): Format Conversion of Integer Types Macros for Format Specifiers Functions for Greatest-Width Integer Types 27.3 Complex Numbers (C99) Definition of Complex Numbers Complex Arithmetic Complex Types in C99 Operations on Complex Numbers Conversion Rules for Complex Types 27.4 The Header (C99): Complex Arithmetic Macros The CX_LIMITED_RANGE Pragma Functions Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Power and Absolute-Value Functions Manipulation Functions Program: Finding the Roots of a Quadratic Equation 27.5 The Header (C99): Type-Generic Math Type-Generic Macros Invoking a Type-Generic Macro 27.6 The Header (C99): Floating-Point Environment Floating-Point Status Flags and Control Modes Macros The FENV_ACCESS Pragma Floating-Point Exception Functions Rounding Functions Environment Functions Appendix A. C Operators Appendix B. C99 versus C89 Appendix C. C89 versus K&R C Appendix D. Standard Library Functions Appendix E. ASCII Character Set Bibliography Index A Clear, Complete, And Engaging Presentation Of The C Programming Language - Now With Coverage Of Both C89 And C99--jacket. 5050 Introducing C -- C Fundamentals -- Formatted Input / Output -- Expressions -- Selection Statements -- Loops -- Basic Types -- Arrays -- Functions -- Program Organization -- Pointers -- Pointers And Arrays -- Strings -- The Preprocessor -- Writing Large Programs -- Structures, Unions, And Enumerations -- Advanced Uses Of Pointers -- Declarations -- Program Design -- Low-level Programming -- The Standard Library -- Input / Output -- Library Support For Numbers And Character Data -- Error Handling -- International Features -- Miscellaneous Library Functions -- Additional C99 Support For Mathematics. K.n. King. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 803-805) And Index. The first edition of C Programming: A Modern Approach was popular with students and faculty alike because of its clarity and comprehensiveness as well as its trademark Q&A sections. Professor King's spiral approach made it accessible to a broad range of readers, from beginners to more advanced students. With adoptions at over 225 colleges, the first edition was one of the leading C textbooks of the last ten years. The second edition maintains all the book's popular features and brings it up to date with coverage of the C99 standard. The new edition also adds a significant number of exercises and longer programming projects, and includes extensive revisions and updates.