Pulmonary Infection and Inflammation (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 935)

Pulmonary diseases are the major cause of human morbidity, taxing the health care system due to disease prevalence, chronicity, and social and fiscal costs. This book concentrates on the inflammatory and immunogenic settings of pulmonary disorders and related medical areas. Excessive inflammation causes lung injury and forms a conducive background for pathogenic infections, particularly in immuno-compromised hosts. Bacterial immuno-evasive strategies develop, leading to self-perpetuating pathologies. Inflammation also is an essential component of non-communicable lung diseases, including asthma and respiratory allergies, and smoking-related or granulomatous diseases. The chapters combine a strong grounding in basic science with extensive clinical knowledge and experience. Advances in diagnostics, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects also are tackled. The book provides useful information to clinicians, researchers, health care and other medical professionals. Preface 6 Contents 8 Prevalence of Pulmonary Infections Caused by Atypical Pathogens in non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients 10 1 Introduction 11 2 Methods 12 2.1 Patients 12 2.2 Bronchoscopy Procedure 12 2.3 Microbiological Procedure 13 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 13 3 Results 13 4 Discussion 17 References 19 Effects of S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-Penicillamine (SNAP) on Inflammation, Lung Tissue Apoptosis and iNOS Activity in a Rabbit Model ... 21 1 Introduction 22 2 Methods 23 2.1 General Design of Experiments 23 2.2 Counting of Cells in Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF) 23 2.3 Expression of iNOS mRNA Using Quantitative PCR 23 2.4 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury 24 2.4.1 Preparation of Lung Tissue Homogenate 24 2.4.2 Measurement of Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 24 2.4.3 Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation 24 2.4.4 Measurement of Nitrite/Nitrate Concentration 24 2.5 Apoptosis Assays 25 2.5.1 In Situ Labeling of DNA Strand Breaks by TUNEL Method 25 2.5.2 Measurement of Caspase-3 Concentration in the Lung Homogenate by ELISA Method 25 2.6 Statistical Analysis 25 3 Results 25 3.1 Cells in BALF 25 3.2 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury 25 3.3 iNOS mRNA in Lung Tissue and Nitrite/Nitrate in Plasma 26 3.4 Apoptosis in Lung Tissue 26 4 Discussion 28 5 Conclusions 30 References 30 Combination Therapy with Budesonide and Salmeterol in Experimental Allergic Inflammation 32 1 Introduction 33 2 Methods 33 2.1 Experimental Groups 34 2.2 Experimentally Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation 34 2.3 Evaluation of Airway Smooth Muscle Reactivity in Vivo 34 2.4 Evaluation of Cough Reflex in Vivo 35 2.5 Evaluation of Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) in Vitro 35 2.6 Evaluation of Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) 35 2.7 Statistical Analysis 36 3 Results 36 3.1 Cough Reflex 36 3.2 Airway Reactivity - Specific Airway Resistance (sRaw) 36 3.3 Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) 36 3.4 Inflammatory Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF) 36 4 Discussion 37 References 40 Monoclonal Antibodies for the Management of Severe Asthma 42 1 Introduction 42 2 Omalizumab 43 2.1 Clinical Efficacy 43 3 Other Anti-IgE Antibodies 45 3.1 Mepolizumab 45 3.2 Reslizumab 46 3.3 Benralizumab 46 3.4 Anrukinzumab/Lebrikizumab/Tralokinumab 46 3.5 Daclizumab 46 3.6 Dupilumab 46 3.7 T helper (Th) cytokines 47 3.8 Brodalumab 47 4 Other Candidate Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Potential Therapeutic Effect in Asthma 47 References 48 Cough and Arabinogalactan Polysaccharide from the Bark of Terminalia Arjuna 50 1 Introduction 50 2 Methods 51 2.1 Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Arabinogalactan 51 2.2 Preparation of Water-Extracted Isolate and Isolation of Acetone Soluble (TA-S) and Precipitated Polymeric (TA-P) Fractions 52 2.3 Assessment of Chemically-Induced Cough Reflex in Vivo 52 2.4 Specific Airway Resistance in Vivo 53 2.5 Statistical Analysis 53 3 Results and Discussion 53 3.1 Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Polymeric TA-P Fraction Extracted From T. Arjuna Bark 53 3.2 Structural Features of Acetone Soluble Fraction (TA-S) 54 3.3 Antitussive Activity of Arabinogalactan Polysaccharide Isolated from T. arjuna 55 3.4 Influence of Extracts from T. arjuna on Specific Airways Resistance in Vivo 56 4 Summary and Conclusions 57 References 58 Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Action of Theophylline in a Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Inflammation 60 1 Introduction 61 2 Methods 61 2.1 Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness 62 2.2 In vivo Airway Reactivity Assessment 62 2.3 In vitro Airway Reactivity Assessment 62 2.4 Determination of Plasma Concentration of Theophylline 63 2.5 Evaluation of Eosinophils Count 63 2.6 Statistical Analysis 63 3 Results 63 4 Discussion 66 5 Conclusions 68 References 68 Importance of Social Relationships in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases 70 1 Introduction 71 2 Methods 72 2.1 Statistical Elaboration 73 3 Results 73 3.1 Significant Correlations 73 3.2 Results of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 76 3.3 Odds Ratios for Chosen Variables 76 4 Discussion 76 5 Conclusions 79 References 79 The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Smokers and Non-Smokers of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC)... 81 1 Introduction 82 2 Methods 83 2.1 Study Population 83 2.2 Laboratory Procedures 83 2.3 Statistical Analyses 83 3 Results 83 3.1 Differences in Biomarker Levels Between Smokers and Non-Smokers 83 3.2 Cox Regression Analysis in Smokers and Non-Smokers 84 4 Discussion 85 References 88 Electrodermal Activity in Adolescent Depression 89 1 Introduction 90 2 Methods 90 2.1 Subjects 90 2.2 Study Protocol 91 2.3 Data Analysis 91 3 Results 91 4 Discussion 92 5 Conclusions 93 References 93 Metagenomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis 95 1 Introduction 96 2 Methods 97 2.1 Patients 97 2.2 RNA Isolation, Sequencing and Data Analysis 97 3 Results 98 4 Discussion 98 References 103 Index 105 Front Matter....Pages i-viii Prevalence of Pulmonary Infections Caused by Atypical Pathogens in non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients....Pages 1-11 Effects of S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-Penicillamine (SNAP) on Inflammation, Lung Tissue Apoptosis and iNOS Activity in a Rabbit Model of Acute Lung Injury....Pages 13-23 Combination Therapy with Budesonide and Salmeterol in Experimental Allergic Inflammation....Pages 25-34 Monoclonal Antibodies for the Management of Severe Asthma....Pages 35-42 Cough and Arabinogalactan Polysaccharide from the Bark of Terminalia Arjuna ....Pages 43-52 Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Action of Theophylline in a Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Inflammation....Pages 53-62 Importance of Social Relationships in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases....Pages 63-73 The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Smokers and Non-Smokers of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study....Pages 75-82 Electrodermal Activity in Adolescent Depression....Pages 83-88 Metagenomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis....Pages 89-98 Back Matter....Pages 99-100