Pueraria: The Genus Pueraria (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles, 23)

Traditionally, pueraria has been utilized by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners to treat hangovers, allergies, indigestion, diabetes and angina, as well as neck and shoulder pain, thirst, and fever. A more recent study showed that both daidzin and daidzein may be useful in reducing the urge for alcohol and treating alcoholism. This comprehensive book contains a concise description of the age-old knowledge, as well as authoritative scientific information that parallels the rapid increase in our scientific understanding of Pueraria. It has been designed with a broad and diverse readership in mind, including students, educators and prevention and treatment practitioners as well as research scientists from a broad range of disciplines. Table of Contents......Page 0 Pueraria: The genus Pueraria......Page 1 Contributors......Page 5 Foreword......Page 8 Preface to the series......Page 10 Preface......Page 13 The editor......Page 15 Contents......Page 3 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 16 Taxonomic history......Page 20 Habitat......Page 21 Key to the species and varieties of Pueraria......Page 22 Pueraria alopecuroides Craib......Page 23 Pueraria candollei Grah. ex Benth. var. candollei......Page 24 Pueraria candollei Grah. ex Benth. var. mirifica (A. Shaw and Suvatabandhu) Niyomdham......Page 25 Pueraria lacei Craib......Page 26 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen and Almeida ex Sanjappa and Predeep......Page 27 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. chinensis (Ohwi) Maesen et Almeida ex Sanjappa and Predeep......Page 29 Pueraria peduncularis (Grah. ex Benth.) Benth.......Page 30 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Beneth.) Baker......Page 31 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. phaseoloides......Page 32 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth var. subspicata (Benth.) Maesen......Page 33 Pueraria pulcherrima (Kds) Merr.......Page 34 Pueraria stricta Kurz......Page 35 Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.......Page 36 Pueraria wallichii DC.......Page 37 Excluded Species......Page 38 CONCLUSIONS......Page 39 INDEX......Page 40 INTRODUCTION......Page 44 Chemical composition and nutritional value......Page 45 Plant growth and life cycle......Page 47 Diseases and pests......Page 48 GEOGRAPHY......Page 49 China......Page 50 Japan......Page 52 Oceania......Page 53 India......Page 54 Indigenous cultivation, harvesting, and preparation techniques......Page 55 Naming and classification systems......Page 61 Myths and Rituals......Page 64 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 66 REFERENCES......Page 68 INTRODUCTION......Page 74 COMMON GE GEN FORMULATIONS: INDICATIONS AND EFFICACIES......Page 75 Antipyretic action......Page 77 Anti-diabetic effect......Page 78 Pueraria species, habitats and isoflavone contents......Page 79 Harvest time and isoflavone contents......Page 81 REFERENCES......Page 83 INTRODUCTION......Page 85 Post-coital contraceptive efficacy of extracts of P. tuberosa in adult animals......Page 86 Anti-implantation activity of different fractions of P. tuberosa......Page 87 Effect of butanolic extracts of P. tuberosa on serum and pituitary hormone levels......Page 88 EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA ON ESTROUS CYCLE......Page 89 BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA IN CONTROL AND OVARIECTOMIZED RATS......Page 90 P. TUBEROSA ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING OVUM-IMPLANTATION IN RATS......Page 91 EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA ON MALE REPRODUCTION......Page 93 TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE......Page 94 REFERENCES......Page 95 POLYPHENOLS AND POLYPHENOLIC GLYCOSIDES......Page 98 TRITERPENOIDS......Page 107 VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS......Page 109 REFERENCES......Page 110 INTRODUCTION......Page 112 Isoflavone aglycones......Page 118 Pterocarpans, coumestans, and other isoflavonoids......Page 119 Relative concentrations of isoflavonoids in Pueraria mirifica......Page 120 Use of P. mirifica in traditional Burmese and Thai medicine......Page 121 Early reports on the pharmacological properties of P. mirifica......Page 122 Isolation and identification of miroestrol......Page 123 Oestrogenic activity in the non-tuberous parts of P. mirifica, and in other Pueraria species......Page 126 Miroestrol......Page 127 Human trials......Page 129 CONCLUSIONS......Page 130 REFERENCES......Page 131 Development of cell culture system......Page 134 Activation of isoflavonoid metabolism......Page 136 Formation of deoxy-type chalcone......Page 137 Oxidative aryl migration in isoflavone formation......Page 139 Pterocarpans as antimicrobial phytoalexins......Page 142 NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF PUERARIA ISOFLAVONOIDS......Page 143 REFERENCES......Page 144 INTRODUCTION......Page 147 EFFECTS OF CRUDE RP EXTRACT AND ITS ISOFLAVONES ON HYPERTENSION......Page 148 EFFECTS OF RP ISOFLAVONES ON BLOOD VESSELS AND CORONARY CIRCULATION......Page 149 EFFECTS OF RP ISOFLAVONES ON ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM......Page 150 EFFECTS OF CRUDE RP EXTRACTS AND PURIFIED RP ISOFLAVONES ON ARRHYTHMIA......Page 151 BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING EFFECT OF PUERARIN......Page 152 Treatment for myocardial infarction......Page 156 REFERENCES......Page 157 INTRODUCTION......Page 159 Disulfiram and calcium carbimide – by aversion......Page 161 Golden hamster – the alcohol craving rodent......Page 162 Daidzin and daidzein – the active principles......Page 163 POTENCY: PURE DAIDZIN VS. CRUDE KUDZU ROOT EXTRACT......Page 164 Daidzin in crude kudzu root extract is more potent......Page 165 Daidzin does not act by aversion......Page 166 Daidzin may act via the mitochondrial MAO/ALDH-2 pathway......Page 167 PROSPECT......Page 171 REFERENCES......Page 172 INTRODUCTION......Page 174 Pharmacological manipulation of alcohol effects......Page 175 Isoflavones in the plant kingdom......Page 176 Pueraria-based treatments for alcohol abuse and dependence......Page 177 CLINICAL SAFETY TRIAL OF KUDZU AND ALCOHOL INTERACTIONS......Page 178 General methods......Page 179 Medication compliance......Page 181 Safety assessment of kudzu......Page 182 Summary and implications for future developments......Page 183 REFERENCES......Page 190 INTRODUCTION......Page 195 Dietary sources of isoflavones......Page 196 Biochemical activities of isoflavones......Page 198 Osteoporosis......Page 199 Cancer of the prostate......Page 200 Dual effects of estrogen......Page 201 Interaction of isoflavones with estrogen receptor......Page 202 Inhibition of steroid metabolizing enzymes......Page 203 Potential adverse effects of isoflavones......Page 204 Clinical trials......Page 205 REFERENCES......Page 206 INTRODUCTION......Page 213 Assay method......Page 214 Hepatoprotective activity......Page 215 Structure–hepatoprotective relationship......Page 220 In vitro efficacy......Page 221 Preparation of sophoradiol glucuronides and their activity......Page 223 Structure–hepatotoxic relationship of SoMG......Page 224 REFERENCES......Page 225 INTRODUCTION......Page 227 METABOLISM OF DAIDZIN AND DAIDZEIN IN RATS......Page 228 METABOLISM OF PUERARIN IN RATS......Page 231 METABOLISM OF GENISTIN AND GENISTEIN IN RATS......Page 233 METABOLITES OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED KAKKON-TO IN RAT AND HUMAN URINE......Page 235 CONCLUSIONS......Page 237 REFERENCES......Page 238 Structure–activity relationships......Page 240 Natural products and analogs......Page 244 Glyco-conjugates......Page 250 Radiolabelled isoflavones......Page 251 CONCLUSIONS......Page 252 REFERENCES......Page 253 Traditional Chinese medicine......Page 258 Chinese patent medicine......Page 259 Nutriceuticals and dietary supplements......Page 260 GE IN CHINESE PATENT MEDICINE......Page 265 Habitats, harvest time and isoflavone contents......Page 268 Isoflavone contents in the root and vine of Ge......Page 269 Processing methods and isoflavone contents......Page 270 Standardized medicinal Ge Gen......Page 271 REFERENCES......Page 272 INTRODUCTION......Page 274 KUDZU IN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE......Page 275 P. LOBATA STARCH......Page 277 BY-PRODUCT RHIZOME CELLULOSE FIBER......Page 279 FINE FIBERS FOR TEXTILES......Page 280 FINE CHEMICALS FROM KUDZU......Page 282 REFERENCES......Page 285 INTRODUCTION......Page 288 METHODS......Page 289 THE ENTHUSIASTIC PERIOD (1917–1953)......Page 290 THE PERIOD OF DISENCHANTMENT (1954–1984)......Page 292 THE PERIOD OF TEMPERED ENTHUSIASM (1985–PRESENT)......Page 293 SCIENTIFIC INFLUENCES ON THE LAY PUBLIC......Page 295 REFERENCES......Page 298 Kudzu (P. montana var. lobata), tropical kudzu (P. phaseoloides), and their relatives are classified in the genus Pneraria that belongs to the subtribe Glycininae of the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily Papilionoideae of the legume family, the Leguminosae. Pueraria has been woven in Asian societies for more than two millennia, having been used in cooking, weaving, decorating and treating human ailments. In 1876 Pueraria lobata was brought to Philadelphia from Japan. This title concerns this genus The only book to be published on this genus, it has been assembled with a broad and diverse readership in mind, including students, educators, prevention and treatment practitioners as well as researchers from a wide range of disciplines.