Psychoneuroimmunology : Systems Biology Approaches to Mind-Body Medicine

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge discoveries and the systems approaches related to the multi-disciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), which may provide the scientific basis for mind-body relationships, and aid in the development of personalized medicine. Specifically, the book focuses on the systems biology studies of complex mechanisms, such as stress and inflammation. There is strong evidence supporting the close relationship between stress, inflammation, and disorders including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, skin diseases, and sleep disorders. As inflammation is a critical connection among different diseases, further elucidating this connection may contribute to the findings of systemic therapeutic targets. Translational medicine is also addressed, by applying PNI approaches in clinical practice. A major challenge in current bioscience is the translation of basic scientific discoveries into better clinical outcomes. With the understanding of the translational implications of PNI, integrative interventions can be applied to modulate stress responses and to promote healthier behaviors. As an important feature of this book, a broad overview of the PNI-associated integrative interventions is provided. These interventions include nutritional supplements, meditation, and other mind-body strategies. From basic concepts to systems methodologies, from theoretical sources to clinical applications, __Psychoneuroimmunology__ contributes to the understanding and development of PNI toward the establishment of personalized and mind-body medicine. Preface 5 Contents 8 Part I: Psychoneuroimmunology and Systems Biology Mechanisms 13 Chapter 1: From Psychoneuroimmunology to Personalized, Systems, and Dynamical Medicine 14 1.1 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and Systems Biology 14 1.2 Emotions, Stress, Inflammation, and Diseases 15 1.3 The Dynamical Biopsychosocial Models on the Basis of PNI and Systems Biology 16 1.4 Systemic PNI Profiles for Personalized, Systems, and Dynamical Medicine 18 References 19 Chapter 2: Stress and Inflammation: Translational Implications in Mind–Body Medicine 21 2.1 Stress and Inflammation: A Systems Biology Perspective 21 2.2 The PNI Networks, Systems-Based Biomarkers, and Mind–Body Mechanisms 22 2.3 The Stress–Inflammation–Disease Associations: Translational Implications of PNI 23 2.4 Targeting the Stress and Inflammation-Associated Networks 25 References 25 Chapter 3: Biological Rhythms and the HPA Axis in Psychoneuroimmunology 28 3.1 The Rhythmic Patterns of the PNI Networks: Systems Biology Approaches 28 3.2 Chronic Stress and the Dynamics of the HPA Axis 29 3.2.1 The Rhythmic Patterns of the HPA Axis in Association with Stress Responses 29 3.2.2 The Circadian and Homeostatic Mechanisms of the HPA Axis at Various Levels 31 3.3 The Dynamics of the HPA Axis in Association with Diseases 32 3.3.1 Depression and Cancer 32 3.3.2 The Cholesterol Levels and Obesity 33 References 34 Chapter 4: The Inflammatory Networks and Dynamical Patterns in Psychoneuroimmunology 36 4.1 Inflammatory Networks and Systemic PNI Profiling 36 4.2 IL-6 and Associated Networks 37 4.3 TNF and Associated Networks 38 4.4 NF-kB and Associated Networks 39 4.5 BDNF and Associated Networks 39 4.6 PPARs and Associated Networks 41 References 42 Part II: Psychoneuroimmunology, Diseases, and Mind-Body Medicine 45 Chapter 5: Sleep, Psychoneuroimmunology, and Mind–Body Medicine 46 5.1 Sleep Disturbances, Systemic Inflammation, and Mind–Body Techniques 46 5.2 Sleep Problems and Aging 47 5.3 Psychosocial Stress, Poor Sleep Quality, and Obesity 47 5.4 Mind–Body Methods for Improving Sleep Quality 48 References 49 Chapter 6: Psychoneuroimmunology of Depression 50 6.1 PNI and the Biopsychosocial Models 50 6.2 The PNI Implications in Personalized, Systems, and Dynamical Medicine 51 6.3 Potential Systemic Biomarkers in Depression 52 6.4 Stress Response and Inflammatory Pathways in Depression 52 6.4.1 The Immune-Kynurenine Pathway 52 6.4.2 The HPA Axis and Associated Pathways 53 6.4.3 The ERK1/2 and MAPK Signaling Pathways 54 6.4.4 The GSK3-Dependent TLR4 Signaling Pathways 54 6.5 The Inflammatory Networks: The Links Between Depression and Other Diseases 55 6.5.1 Cancer 55 6.5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases 56 6.5.3 Other Relevant Diseases 57 References 58 Chapter 7: Psychoneuroimmunology of Schizophrenia 60 7.1 The Stress–Inflammation Associations and the Biopsychosocial Models 60 7.2 The Interactions Among the Immune, Endocrine, Nervous Systems, and Cognition 61 7.3 PNI and Potential Immunomodulation Strategies 62 7.4 Stress Response and Inflammatory Pathways in Schizophrenia 62 7.4.1 Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways 62 7.4.2 Important Cytokine Networks 65 7.4.3 Neurotransmitters and Neuronal Signaling Pathways 66 7.4.4 Multiple Signaling Pathways 67 7.4.5 The HPA Axis and Associated Pathways 69 References 69 Chapter 8: Obesity, Stress, Inflammation, and Psychoneuroimmunology 71 8.1 Obesity, PNI, and the Biopsychosocial Models 71 8.2 Psychological Stress, Obesity, and Associated Diseases 72 8.3 Potential Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Obesity 73 8.4 Obesity-Associated Inflammatory Pathways 75 8.5 Obesity and the HPA Axis 76 8.6 Potential Therapeutic Targets in Association with Stress and Obesity 77 References 78 Chapter 9: Psychoneuroimmunology of Aging 81 9.1 Aging, PNI, and the Systems Biology Models 81 9.2 The Stress–Inflammation Correlations in Aging 82 9.3 Inflammatory Pathways: The Links Among Stress, Aging, and Chronic Diseases 83 9.3.1 Cardiovascular Aging and Diseases 83 9.3.2 Brain Aging and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms 85 9.3.3 The mTOR Signaling Pathways, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Autoimmune Disorders 86 9.3.4 Melatonin-Associated Pathways and Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders 87 9.3.5 The Kidney–Brain Axis and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 88 9.3.6 Bone Loss, Osteoporosis, and Muscle Dysfunctions 88 9.3.7 Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Eye 89 9.3.8 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 89 9.3.9 The Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways and Systemic Inflammation 90 References 90 Chapter 10: Psychoneuroimmunology of Cardiovascular Diseases 92 10.1 Psychological Stress, Depression, and Cardiovascular Diseases 92 10.2 The Complex PNI Interactions and Inflammatory Biomarkers 93 10.3 Inflammatory Pathways: The Links Between Stress and Cardiovascular Diseases 94 10.3.1 Emotional Problems, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis 94 10.3.2 The IL-1 Family 95 10.3.3 The Networks of Multiple Cytokines 96 10.3.4 The Signaling Pathway of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) 97 10.3.5 The Kynurenine Pathway and Metabolic Networks 97 10.3.6 The Complex Notch Signaling Pathway 98 References 99 Chapter 11: Psychoneuroimmunology and Cancer 101 11.1 The Systems-Based PNI Frameworks 101 11.2 Inflammatory Pathways in Different Types of Cancer 102 11.2.1 Pancreatic Cancer and the NFATc2-STAT3-GSK-3β Pathway 102 11.2.2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and the β-Catenin Signaling Pathway 104 11.2.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and the Pathways of Tgfbr2, p21 104 11.2.4 Colorectal Cancer and the Signaling Pathways of TLRs and PPARδ 105 11.2.5 Breast Cancer and Various Signaling Pathways 105 11.3 The NF-kB- and p53-Associated Pathways 106 11.4 The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family and Associated Pathways 107 11.5 Inflammatory Pathways in the Microbiota 107 11.6 Biobehavioral Pathways in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients 108 11.7 The HPA Axis and the Roles of Melatonin 109 11.8 Inflammatory Pathways Associated with Neuroendocrine (NE) Differentiation 109 References 110 Chapter 12: Psychoneuroimmunology of Skin Diseases 113 12.1 The PNI Mechanisms of Skin Disorders at Various Levels 113 12.2 Emotional Tension and Immune Responses 114 12.3 PNI of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) and Other Skin Diseases 115 12.3.1 Atopic Dermatitis (AD) 115 12.3.2 Other Relevant Skin Disorders 116 12.4 Stress Response and Inflammatory Networks in Skin Disorders 117 12.4.1 Stress and the Neurotrophin Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Pathway 117 12.4.2 Multiple Cytokine Networks and Skin Homeostasis 119 12.4.3 Inflammatory Networks in Association with Various Skin Disorders 120 References 122 Chapter 13: The Translation of Psychoneuroimmunology into Mind–Body Medicine 125 13.1 From PNI to Mind–Body Medicine 125 13.2 The PNI Mechanisms of Meditation 127 13.3 PNI and Nutrition 128 13.3.1 Stress, Diets, and Inflammation 128 13.3.2 Nutritional Interventions, Stress Responses, and Anti-­inflammatory Effects 129 13.4 Mind–Body Interventions for Cardiovascular Diseases 130 13.5 Mind–Body Interventions for Aging and Associated Disorders 130 13.6 Incorporating Chronotherapy into Systems and Dynamical Medicine 131 References 132 Index 134 Front Matter....Pages i-xiii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 From Psychoneuroimmunology to Personalized, Systems, and Dynamical Medicine....Pages 3-9 Stress and Inflammation: Translational Implications in Mind–Body Medicine....Pages 11-17 Biological Rhythms and the HPA Axis in Psychoneuroimmunology....Pages 19-26 The Inflammatory Networks and Dynamical Patterns in Psychoneuroimmunology....Pages 27-35 Front Matter....Pages 37-37 Sleep, Psychoneuroimmunology, and Mind–Body Medicine....Pages 39-42 Psychoneuroimmunology of Depression....Pages 43-52 Psychoneuroimmunology of Schizophrenia....Pages 53-63 Obesity, Stress, Inflammation, and Psychoneuroimmunology....Pages 65-74 Psychoneuroimmunology of Aging....Pages 75-85 Psychoneuroimmunology of Cardiovascular Diseases....Pages 87-95 Psychoneuroimmunology and Cancer....Pages 97-108 Psychoneuroimmunology of Skin Diseases....Pages 109-120 The Translation of Psychoneuroimmunology into Mind–Body Medicine....Pages 121-129 Back Matter....Pages 131-136