Psychology : the science of mind and behaviour

Psychology: The Science Of Mind And Behavior' Imparts Students With A Scientific Understanding Of The Field Of Psychology While Showing Them The Impact On Their Day-to-day Existence. A Simple Conceptual Framework Within The Text Emphasizes Relations Between Biological, Psychological, And Environmental Levels Of Analysis And Portrays The Focus Of Modern Psychology. Together With Research Close-ups In Each Chapter And Beneath The Surface Discussions And What Do You Think? Questions, The Text Challenges Students To Think Critically About Psychology As A Science And Its Impact On Their Lives.--publisher Description. 1. -- The Science Of Psychology -- 2. -- Studying Behavior Scientifically -- 3. -- Genes, Environment, And Behavior -- 4. -- The Brain And Behavior -- 5. -- Sensation And Perception -- 6. -- States Of Consciousness -- 7. -- Learning: The Role Of Experience -- 8. -- Memory -- 9. -- Language And Thinking -- 10. -- Intelligence -- 11. -- Motivation And Emotion -- 12. -- Development Over The Life Span -- 13. -- Personality -- 14. -- Adjusting To Life: Stress, Coping, And Health -- 15. -- Psychological Disorders -- 16. -- Treatment Of Psychological Disorders -- 17. -- Social Thinking And Behavior -- Appendices -- Glossary. Michael W. Passer, Ronald E. Smith. Includes Bibliographical References (p. R-1-r-53) And Index. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 About the Authors......Page 6 Brief Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 28 Contents......Page 12 CHAPTER 1: The Science of Psychology......Page 38 THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY......Page 39 Psychology as a Basic and Applied Science......Page 40 Psychology’s Broad Scope: A Levels of-Analysis Framework......Page 41 Psychology’s Intellectual Roots......Page 43 Early Schools: Structuralism and Functionalism......Page 44 The Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within......Page 45 The Behavioral Perspective: The Power of the Environment......Page 46 The Humanistic Perspective: Self-Actualization and Positive Psychology......Page 47 The Cognitive Perspective: The Thinking Human......Page 48 The Sociocultural Perspective: The Embedded Human......Page 50 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Love and Marriage in Eleven Cultures......Page 51 The Biological Perspective: The Brain, Genes, and Evolution......Page 52 An Example: Understanding Depression......Page 55 Summary of Major Themes......Page 56 BENEATH THE SURFACE What Did You Expect?......Page 57 A Global Science and Profession......Page 58 Psychology and Public Policy......Page 59 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE How to Enhance Your Academic Performance......Page 60 CHAPTER 2: Studying Behavior Scientifically......Page 64 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN PSYCHOLOGY......Page 65 Gathering Evidence: Steps in the Scientific Process......Page 66 Two Approaches to Understanding Behavior......Page 68 Defining and Measuring Variables......Page 70 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH......Page 72 Ethical Standards in Human Research......Page 73 Descriptive Research: Recording Events......Page 74 Correlational Research: Measuring Associations Between Events......Page 78 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Very Happy People......Page 79 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Does Eating Ice Cream Cause People to Drown?......Page 80 Experiments: Examining Cause and Effect......Page 82 Placebo Effects......Page 87 Replicating and Generalizing the Findings......Page 88 BENEATH THE SURFACE Science, Psychics, and the Paranormal......Page 89 Being a Smart Consumer of Statistics......Page 90 Using Statistics to Describe Data......Page 91 Using Statistics to Make Inferences......Page 92 CRITICAL THINKING IN SCIENCE AND EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 93 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Evaluating Claims in Research and Everyday Life......Page 94 CHAPTER 3: Genes, Environment, and Behavior......Page 97 GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR......Page 99 Chromosomes and Genes......Page 100 Behavior Genetics......Page 102 How Do We Learn? The Search for Mechanisms......Page 104 Why Do We Learn? The Search for Functions......Page 105 Learning, Culture, and Evolution......Page 106 Genes, Environment, and Intelligence......Page 107 Personality Development......Page 109 How the Environment Can Influence Gene Expression......Page 110 How Genes Can Influence the Environment......Page 112 GENETIC MANIPULATION AND CONTROL......Page 113 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Thinking Critically about Genetic Screening......Page 114 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR: INFLUENCES FROM THE DISTANT PAST......Page 115 Evolution of Adaptive Mechanisms......Page 116 Evolution and Human Nature......Page 118 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Sex Differences in the Ideal Mate: Evolution or Social Roles?......Page 121 BENEATH THE SURFACE How Not to Think about Evolutionary Theory......Page 124 CHAPTER 4: The Brain and Behavior......Page 128 NEURONS......Page 130 The Electrical Activity of Neurons......Page 131 Neurotransmitters......Page 133 Specialized Neurotransmitter Systems......Page 134 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Understanding How Drugs Affect Your Brain......Page 136 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 137 The Central Nervous System......Page 139 The Hindbrain......Page 143 The Midbrain......Page 144 The Forebrain......Page 145 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Inside the Brain of a Killer......Page 150 The Split Brain: Dividing the Hemispheres......Page 152 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Two Minds in One Brain?......Page 153 PLASTICITY IN THE BRAIN: THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE AND THE RECOVERY OF FUNCTION......Page 154 How Experience Influences Brain Development......Page 155 Healing the Nervous System......Page 156 Interactions with the Endocrine System......Page 157 Interactions Involving the Immune System......Page 158 CHAPTER 5: Sensation and Perception......Page 162 SENSORY PROCESSES......Page 164 Signal Detection Theory......Page 165 BENEATH THE SURFACE Are Subliminal Self-Help Products Effective?......Page 166 Sensory Adaptation......Page 167 THE SENSORY SYSTEMS......Page 168 Vision......Page 169 Audition......Page 176 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Navigating in Fog: Professor Mayer’s Topophone......Page 180 Taste and Smell: The Chemical Senses......Page 181 The Skin and Body Senses......Page 182 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Sensory Prosthetics: “Eyes” for the Blind, “Ears” for the Hearing Impaired......Page 184 PERCEPTION: THE CREATION OF EXPERIENCE......Page 187 Perception Is Selective: The Role of Attention......Page 188 Perceptions Have Organization and Structure......Page 189 Perception Is Influenced by Expectations: Perceptual Sets......Page 191 Stimuli Are Recognizable Under Changing Conditions: Perceptual Constancies......Page 192 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Why Does That Rising MoonLook So Big?......Page 193 Depth and Distance Perception......Page 194 Perception of Movement......Page 195 ILLUSIONS: FALSE PERCEPTUAL HYPOTHESES......Page 196 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Explain This Striking Illusion......Page 197 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Stalking a Deadly Illusion......Page 198 EXPERIENCE, CRITICAL PERIODS, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 200 Cross-Cultural Research on Perception......Page 201 Critical Periods: The Role of Early Experience......Page 202 Restored Sensory Capacity......Page 203 Some Final Reflections......Page 204 CHAPTER 6: States of Consciousness......Page 206 Characteristics of Consciousness......Page 208 Levels of Consciousness......Page 209 Unconscious Perception and Influence......Page 210 Why Do We Have Consciousness?......Page 211 The Neural Basis of Consciousness......Page 212 Keeping Time: Brain and Environment......Page 214 Environmental Disruptions of Circadian Rhythms......Page 215 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Outsmarting Jet Lag, Night-Work Disruptions, and Winter Depression......Page 216 Stages of Sleep......Page 217 Getting a Night’s Sleep: From Brain to Culture......Page 219 How Much Do We Sleep?......Page 220 Sleep Deprivation......Page 221 Why Do We Sleep?......Page 222 Sleep Disorders......Page 223 The Nature of Dreams......Page 225 BENEATH THE SURFACE When Dreams Come True......Page 227 Drugs and the Brain......Page 230 Drug Tolerance and Dependence......Page 231 Depressants......Page 233 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Drinking and Driving: Decision Making in Altered States......Page 234 Stimulants......Page 235 Marijuana......Page 237 From Genes to Culture: Determinants of Drug Effects......Page 238 Hypnotic Behaviors and Experiences......Page 240 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Hypnosis and Amazing Feats......Page 241 Theories of Hypnosis......Page 242 The Hypnotized Brain......Page 244 CHAPTER 7: Learning: The Role of Experience......Page 247 Habituation......Page 249 Pavlov’s Pioneering Research......Page 250 Basic Principles......Page 251 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Why Did Carol’s Car Phobia Persist?......Page 253 Applications of Classical Conditioning......Page 254 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Was the “Little Albert” Study Ethical?......Page 255 Skinner’s Analysis of Operant Conditioning......Page 257 Antecedent Conditions: Identifying When to Respond......Page 259 Consequences: Determining How to Respond......Page 260 BENEATH THE SURFACE Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child?......Page 262 Shaping and Chaining: Taking One Step at a Time......Page 264 Generalization and Discrimination......Page 265 Schedules of Reinforcement......Page 266 Escape and Avoidance Conditioning......Page 268 Applications of Operant Conditioning......Page 269 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Using Operant Principles to Modify Your Behavior......Page 271 Biological Constraints: Evolution and Preparedness......Page 273 Cognition and Conditioning......Page 275 Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory......Page 280 Applications of Observational Learning......Page 281 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Using Social-Cognitive Theory to Prevent AIDS: A National Experiment......Page 282 THE ADAPTIVE BRAIN......Page 283 CHAPTER 8: Memory......Page 287 A Three-Stage Model......Page 289 Levels of Processing: When Deeper Is Better......Page 294 Exposure and Rehearsal......Page 295 Organization and Imagery......Page 296 How Prior Knowledge Shapes Encoding......Page 297 Encoding and Exceptional Memory......Page 298 Memory as a Network......Page 299 Types of Long-Term Memory......Page 301 RETRIEVAL: ACCESSING INFORMATION......Page 302 Arousal, Emotion, and Memory......Page 303 BENEATH THE SURFACE Do We Really Remember It Like It Was Yesterday?......Page 305 The Effects of Context, State, and Mood on Memory......Page 306 The Course of Forgetting......Page 308 Why Do We Forget?......Page 309 Amnesia......Page 311 MEMORY AS A CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS......Page 313 Memory Distortion and Schemas......Page 314 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Memory Illusions: Remembering Things Tha tNever Occurred......Page 315 Misinformation Effects and Eyewitness Testimony......Page 316 The Child as Eyewitness......Page 317 The Recovered Memory Controversy......Page 318 Culture and Memory Construction......Page 319 Where Are Memories Formed and Stored?......Page 321 How Are Memories Formed?......Page 323 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Improving Memory and Academic Learning......Page 324 CHAPTER 9: Language and Thinking......Page 327 LANGUAGE......Page 328 Properties of Language......Page 329 The Structure of Language......Page 330 Understanding and Producing Language......Page 331 WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Sleeping Policeman......Page 334 Acquiring a First Language......Page 335 Bilingualism......Page 339 BENEATH THE SURFACE Learning a Second Language: Is Earlier Better?......Page 340 Linguistic Influences on Thinking......Page 342 Thought, Brain, and Mind......Page 344 Concepts and Propositions......Page 345 Reasoning......Page 346 Problem Solving and Decision Making......Page 348 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Guidelines for Creative Problem Solving......Page 353 Knowledge, Expertise, and Wisdom......Page 354 Mental Imagery......Page 356 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP “Why Did I Get That Wrong?” Improving College Students’ Awareness of Whether They Understand Text Material......Page 359 CHAPTER 10: Intelligence......Page 365 Sir Francis Galton: Quantifying Mental Ability......Page 367 Alfred Binet’s Mental Tests......Page 368 The Psychometric Approach: The Structure of Intellect......Page 369 Cognitive Process Approaches: The Nature of Intelligent Thinking......Page 373 Broader Conceptions of Intelligence: Beyond Mental Competencies......Page 374 THE MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE......Page 377 Should We Test for Aptitude or Achievement?......Page 378 Psychometric Standards for Intelligence Tests......Page 379 Assessing Intelligence in Non-Western Cultures......Page 383 BENEATH THE SURFACE Brain Size and Intelligence......Page 384 HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND INTELLIGENCE......Page 385 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Early-childhood Interventions: A Means of Boosting Intelligence?......Page 387 GROUP DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE......Page 388 Ethnic Group Differences......Page 389 Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities......Page 390 Beliefs, Expectations, and Cognitive Performance......Page 391 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Stereotype Threat and Cognitive Performance......Page 392 The Intellectually Gifted......Page 393 Mental Retardation......Page 394 A Concluding Thought......Page 395 CHAPTER 11: Motivation and Emotion......Page 399 MOTIVATION......Page 400 Perspectives on Motivation......Page 401 Hunger and Weight Regulation......Page 404 Sexual Motivation......Page 412 Social Motivation......Page 418 Achievement Motivation......Page 420 Motivational Conflict......Page 424 The Nature of Emotions......Page 425 BENEATH THE SURFACE The Lie Detector Controversy......Page 430 Theories of Emotion......Page 435 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Cognition-Arousal Relations: Two Classic Experiments......Page 437 Happiness......Page 440 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE How to Be Happy: Guidelines from Psychological Research......Page 442 A Concluding Thought......Page 443 CHAPTER 12: Development Over the Life Span......Page 445 MAJOR ISSUES AND METHODS......Page 446 Genetics and Sex Determination......Page 448 Environmental Influences......Page 449 Sensory Capabilities and Perceptual Preferences......Page 450 Physical Development......Page 452 Cognitive Development......Page 453 Social-Emotional and Personality Development......Page 459 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Shy Child, Shy Adult?......Page 461 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Understanding How Divorce and Remarriage Affect Children......Page 465 Moral Development......Page 468 ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD......Page 471 Physical Development......Page 472 Cognitive Development......Page 473 BENEATH THE SURFACE Aging and Mental Ability: Use It or Lose It?......Page 476 Social-Emotional Development......Page 478 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP What Does It Take to Become an Adult?......Page 481 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Cohabitation as a “Trial Marriage”......Page 484 CHAPTER 13: Personality......Page 489 WHAT IS PERSONALITY?......Page 491 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 492 Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches......Page 495 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Attachment Style and Abusive Romantic Relationships......Page 498 Evaluating the Psychodynamic Approach......Page 499 George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory......Page 501 Carl Rogers’s Theory of the Self......Page 502 Research on the Self......Page 504 Evaluating the Phenomenological-Humanistic Approach......Page 506 Factor Analytic Approaches......Page 507 Evaluating the Trait Approach......Page 510 Genetics and Personality......Page 511 Personality and the Nervous System......Page 512 Evaluating the Biological Approach......Page 514 BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORIES......Page 515 Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control......Page 516 Albert Bandura: Social Learning and Self-Efficacy......Page 517 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Increasing Self-Efficacy through Systematic Goal Setting......Page 519 Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda: The Cognitive-Affective Personality System......Page 520 Reconciling Personality Coherence with Behavioral Inconsistency......Page 522 Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 523 CULTURE, GENDER, AND PERSONALITY......Page 525 Culture Differences......Page 526 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT......Page 527 Interviews......Page 528 Remote Behavior Sampling......Page 529 Personality Scales......Page 530 Projective Tests......Page 531 CHAPTER 14: Adjusting to Life: Stress, Coping, and Health......Page 534 Stressors......Page 536 The Stress Response: AMind-Body Link......Page 538 Effects of Stress on Well-Being......Page 539 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Do Stressful Events Cause Psychological Distress?......Page 540 Factors That Influence Stress-Health Relations......Page 543 COPING WITH STRESS......Page 548 Controllability and Coping Efficacy......Page 549 Bottling Up Feelings: The Hidden Costs of Emotional Constraint......Page 550 Gender, Culture, and Coping......Page 551 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Hold My Hand and I’ll Be Fine......Page 552 Stress Management Training......Page 554 PAIN AND PAIN MANAGEMENT......Page 555 Biological Mechanisms of Pain......Page 556 Cultural and Psychological Influences on Pain......Page 558 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Psychological Techniques for Controlling Pain and Suffering......Page 560 How People Change: The Transtheoretical Model......Page 563 Increasing Behaviors That Enhance Health......Page 565 Reducing Behaviors That Impair Health......Page 568 BENEATH THE SURFACE College-Age Drinking: Harmless Fun or Russian Roulette?......Page 571 Relapse Prevention: Maintaining Positive Behavior Change......Page 572 A Concluding Thought......Page 574 CHAPTER 15: Psychological Disorders......Page 576 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANT BEHAVIOR......Page 578 What Is “Abnormal”?......Page 580 Diagnosing Psychological Disorders......Page 581 Consequences of Diagnostic Labeling......Page 582 ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 583 Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 584 Panic Disorder......Page 585 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 586 Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders......Page 587 Somatoform Disorders......Page 591 Dissociative Disorders......Page 592 Depression......Page 593 Bipolar Disorder......Page 594 Prevalence and Course of Mood Disorders......Page 595 Causal Factors in Mood Disorders......Page 596 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Understanding and Preventing Suicide......Page 599 Characteristics of Schizophrenia......Page 601 Subtypes of Schizophrenia......Page 602 Causal Factors in Schizophrenia......Page 603 Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 607 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Fear, Avoidance Learning, and Psychopathy......Page 610 Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 612 BENEATH THE SURFACE How Dangerous Are People with Psychological Disorders?......Page 613 Autistic Disorder......Page 615 A Closing Thought......Page 617 CHAPTER 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders......Page 619 PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS......Page 620 PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES......Page 621 Psychoanalysis......Page 622 Brief Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Therapies......Page 624 Person-Centered Therapy......Page 625 Gestalt Therapy......Page 626 Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Therapy......Page 627 Beck’s Cognitive Therapy......Page 628 Exposure: An Extinction Approach......Page 629 Systematic Desensitization: A Counterconditioning Approach......Page 630 Aversion Therapy......Page 631 Operant Conditioning Treatments......Page 632 INTEGRATING AND COMBINING THERAPIES......Page 634 GROUP, FAMILY, AND MARITAL THERAPIES......Page 635 Marital Therapy......Page 636 Cultural Factors in Treatment Utilization......Page 637 Gender Issues in Therapy......Page 638 Eysenck’s Great Challenge......Page 639 Psychotherapy Research Methods......Page 640 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Do Survey Results Provide an Accurate Picture of Treatment Effectiveness?......Page 641 Factors Affecting the Outcome of Therapy......Page 643 Drug Therapies......Page 645 BENEATH THE SURFACE Some Depressing Facts about Antidepressant Drugs......Page 647 Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 648 Mind, Body, and Therapeutic Interventions......Page 649 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Drugs versus Psychological Treatments for Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial......Page 651 Deinstitutionalization......Page 653 Mental Health Treatment in a Managed-Care Environment......Page 654 Preventive Mental Health......Page 655 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE When and Where to Seek Therapy......Page 657 CHAPTER 17: Social Thinking and Behavior......Page 660 Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior......Page 661 Forming and Maintaining Impressions......Page 664 Attitudes and Attitude Change......Page 665 Norms, Conformity, and Obedience......Page 670 RESEARCH CLOSE-UP The Dilemma of Obedience: When Conscience Confronts Malevolent Authority......Page 673 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Do Women Differ from Men in Obedience?......Page 676 Detecting and Resisting Compliance Techniques......Page 677 Behavior in Groups......Page 678 Attraction: Liking and Loving Others......Page 681 APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Making Close Relationships Work: Lessons from Psychological Research......Page 685 Prejudice: Bias against Others......Page 687 Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others......Page 693 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Does Pure Altruism Really Exist?......Page 694 Aggression: Harming Others......Page 695 BENEATH THE SURFACE Do Violent Video Games Promote Aggression?......Page 699 A Final Word......Page 700 APPENDIX: STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY......Page 704 CREDITS......Page 714 GLOSSARY......Page 718 REFERENCES......Page 738 NAME INDEX......Page 792 SUBJECT INDEX......Page 802 "The study of psychology is a journey with many destinations. The Third Canadian Edition of Psychology: Frontiers and Applications has been created to be your companion on this journey. The text's hallmarks (readability, Canadian content, appealing design), pedagogy (Problem-Based Learning and boxes focused on groundbreaking research, emerging studies, and applications of psychology in the real world), and renowned content are all designed to guide the student of psychology along this ongoing journey. In this new edition, the Passer journey expands to include the rapidly evolving realm of neuroscience."--pub. desc.