Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century, 10th Edition

Filled with comprehensive, balanced coverage of classic and contemporary research, relevant examples, and engaging applications, this book shows you how psychology helps you understand yourself and the world--and uses psychological principles to illuminate the variety of opportunities you have in your life and your future career. While professors cite this bestselling book for its academic credibility and the authors' ability to stay current with 'hot topics,' students say it's one text they just don't want to stop reading. The book and associated workbook are highly readable, engaging, and visually appealing, providing you with a wealth of material you can put to use every day. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 6 Dedication Page......Page 7 About the Authors......Page 8 To the Instructor......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 17 Reviewers......Page 18 BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 20 To the Student......Page 38 CONTENTS......Page 21 CHAPTER 1: Adjusting to Modern Life......Page 40 THE PARADOX OF PROGRESS......Page 41 Living in Today’s World Hard Times: Adjustment in an Era of Economic Distress......Page 43 THE SEARCH FOR DIRECTION......Page 44 Self-Help Books......Page 46 The Approach of This Textbook......Page 48 What Is Psychology?......Page 50 THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR......Page 51 Experimental Research: Looking for Causes......Page 52 Correlational Research: Looking for Links......Page 54 What Isn’t Very Important?......Page 58 What Is Somewhat Important?......Page 60 What Is Very Important?......Page 61 Conclusions......Page 62 Recommended Reading: Stumbling on Happiness by Dan Gilbert......Page 63 Developing Sound Study Habits......Page 64 Improving Your Reading......Page 65 Getting More out of Lectures......Page 66 Applying Memory Principles......Page 67 REVIEW......Page 70 PRACTICE TEST......Page 71 CHAPTER 2: Theories of Personality......Page 72 The Five-Factor Model of Personality......Page 73 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 75 Jung’s Analytical Psychology......Page 81 Adler’s Individual Psychology......Page 82 BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 83 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning......Page 84 Skinner’s Operant Conditioning......Page 86 Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory......Page 88 Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives......Page 89 Recommended Reading Snoop: What Your Stuff Says About You by Sam Gosling......Page 90 Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory......Page 91 Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization......Page 92 Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives......Page 94 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 95 Recent Research in Behavioral Genetics......Page 96 Evaluating Biological Perspectives......Page 98 Sensation Seeking: Life in the Fast Lane......Page 99 Living in Today’s World: Is There a Rising Epidemic of Narcissism?......Page 100 Terror Management Theory......Page 101 CULTURE AND PERSONALITY......Page 102 Key Concepts in Psychological Testing......Page 104 Self-Report Inventories......Page 105 Projective Tests......Page 106 Personality Testing on the Internet......Page 107 REVIEW......Page 108 PRACTICE TEST......Page 109 CHAPTER 3: Stress and Its Effects......Page 110 Stress Is an Everyday Event......Page 111 Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder......Page 112 Stress May Be Embedded in the Environment......Page 113 Stress Is Influenced by Culture......Page 114 Internal Conflict......Page 115 Change......Page 116 Pressure......Page 118 Emotional Responses......Page 120 Physiological Responses......Page 123 THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STRESS......Page 127 Burnout......Page 128 Psychological Problems and Disorders......Page 129 Physical Illness......Page 131 Positive Effects......Page 132 Social Support......Page 134 Hardiness......Page 135 Optimism......Page 136 APPLICATION: REDUCING STRESS THROUGH SELF-CONTROL......Page 137 Gathering Baseline Data......Page 138 Designing Your Program......Page 139 Ending Your Program......Page 141 REVIEW......Page 142 PRACTICE TEST......Page 143 CHAPTER 4: Coping Processes......Page 144 THE CONCEPT OF COPING......Page 145 Giving Up......Page 146 Acting Aggressively......Page 147 Indulging Yourself......Page 148 Using Defensive Coping......Page 151 THE NATURE OF CONSTRUCTIVE COPING......Page 154 Ellis’s Rational Thinking......Page 155 Humor as a Stress Reducer......Page 157 Positive Reinterpretation......Page 159 Using Systematic Problem Solving......Page 160 Using Time More Effectively......Page 161 Expressing Emotions......Page 166 Recommended Reading: Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman......Page 167 Managing Hostility and Forgiving Others......Page 168 Using Meditation and Relaxation......Page 169 Attitudes About Death......Page 171 Bereavement and Grieving......Page 172 Coping with Various Types of Loss......Page 174 REVIEW......Page 176 PRACTICE TEST......Page 177 CHAPTER 5: Psychology and Physical Health......Page 178 STRESS, PERSONALITY, AND ILLNESS......Page 180 Personality, Emotions, and Heart Disease......Page 181 Stress and Cancer......Page 184 Living in Today’s World: Coping with Traumatic Events......Page 185 Stress and Immune Functioning......Page 186 Conclusions......Page 187 HABITS, LIFESTYLES, AND HEALTH......Page 188 Smoking......Page 189 Drinking......Page 191 Overeating......Page 194 Recommended Reading Mindless Eating by Brian Wansink......Page 197 Lack of Exercise......Page 200 Behavior and AIDS......Page 202 The Decision to Seek Treatment......Page 204 Communicating with Health Providers......Page 205 Adherence to Medical Advice......Page 206 APPLICATION: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS......Page 207 Drug-Related Concepts......Page 208 Narcotics......Page 209 Stimulants......Page 210 Marijuana......Page 211 Ecstasy (MDMA)......Page 212 REVIEW......Page 214 PRACTICE TEST......Page 215 CHAPTER 6: The Self......Page 216 The Nature of the Self-Concept......Page 217 Self-Discrepancies......Page 218 Factors Shaping the Self-Concept......Page 220 SELF-ESTEEM......Page 224 The Importance of Self-Esteem......Page 226 The Development of Self-Esteem......Page 227 Living in Today’s World Affective Forecasting– Predicting How You Will Feel in the ̈Future......Page 228 Ethnicity, Gender, and Self-Esteem......Page 229 Cognitive Processes......Page 230 Self-Attributions......Page 231 Explanatory Style......Page 232 Motives Guiding Self-Understanding......Page 233 Methods of Self-Enhancement......Page 234 Recommended Reading: The Positive Power of Negative Thinking by Julie Norem......Page 236 SELF-REGULATION......Page 237 Self-Efficacy......Page 238 Self-Defeating Behavior......Page 239 SELF-PRESENTATION......Page 240 Impression Management......Page 241 APPLICATION: Building Self-Esteem......Page 243 REVIEW......Page 246 PRACTICE......Page 247 CHAPTER 7: Social Thinking and Social Influence......Page 248 Key Sources of Information......Page 249 Snap Judgments Versus Systematic Judgments......Page 250 Perceiver Expectations......Page 251 Cognitive Distortions......Page 253 Key Themes in Person Perception......Page 257 THE PROBLEM OF PREJUDICE......Page 258 “Old-Fashioned” Versus Modern Discrimination......Page 259 Causes of Prejudice......Page 260 Living in Today’s World Understanding Stereotype Threat......Page 262 Reducing Prejudice......Page 264 THE POWER OF PERSUASION......Page 265 Elements of the Persuasion Process......Page 266 The Whys of Persuasion......Page 268 Recommended Reading Infl uence: Science and Practice by Robert B. Cialdini......Page 269 Conformity and Compliance Pressures......Page 270 Pressure from Authority Figures......Page 272 The Consistency Principle......Page 275 The Reciprocity Principle......Page 276 The Scarcity Principle......Page 277 REVIEW......Page 278 PRACTICE TEST......Page 279 CHAPTER 8: Interpersonal Communication......Page 280 Components and Features of the Communication Process......Page 281 Recommended Reading: Multicultural Manners by Norine Dresser......Page 282 Technology and Interpersonal Communication......Page 283 Communication and Adjustment......Page 284 General Principles......Page 285 Elements of Nonverbal Communication......Page 286 Detecting Deception......Page 292 The Significance of Nonverbal Communication......Page 294 Conversational Skills......Page 295 Self-Disclosure......Page 296 Effective Listening......Page 298 Communication Apprehension......Page 300 Barriers to Effective Communication......Page 301 Beliefs About Conflict......Page 302 Styles of Managing Conflict......Page 303 Dealing Constructively with Conflict......Page 304 APPLICATION: DEVELOPING AN ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE......Page 305 The Nature of Assertiveness......Page 306 Steps in Assertiveness Training......Page 307 REVIEW......Page 310 PRACTICE TEST......Page 311 CHAPTER 9: Friendship and Love......Page 312 INITIAL ATTRACTION AND RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT......Page 313 Initial Encounters......Page 314 Getting Acquainted......Page 319 Established Relationships......Page 320 What Makes a Good Friend?......Page 322 Conflict in Friendships......Page 323 Sexual Orientation and Love......Page 324 Theories of Love......Page 325 The Course of Romantic Love......Page 329 Culture and Close Relationships......Page 332 The Internet and Close Relationships......Page 333 Living in Today’s World: Developing Close Relationships Online......Page 334 The Nature and Prevalence of Loneliness......Page 336 The Roots of Loneliness......Page 337 Correlates of Loneliness......Page 338 Conquering Loneliness......Page 339 REVIEW......Page 342 PRACTICE TEST......Page 343 CHAPTER 10: Marriage and Intimate Relationships......Page 344 CHALLENGES TO THE TRADITIONAL MODEL OF MARRIAGE......Page 345 DECIDING TO MARRY......Page 346 Selecting a Mate......Page 347 Predictors of Marital Success......Page 348 Joining Together: The Newly Married Couple......Page 350 Family with Young Children......Page 352 Launching Children into the Adult World......Page 353 Gaps in Role Expectations......Page 354 Work and Career Issues......Page 356 Financial Difficulties......Page 357 Inadequate Communication......Page 358 DIVORCE......Page 360 Deciding on a Divorce......Page 361 Effects of Divorce on Children......Page 362 Living in Today’s World Should the Government Promote Marriage?......Page 364 Remarriage and Stepfamilies......Page 365 Gay Couples......Page 366 Remaining Single......Page 369 Cohabitation......Page 370 Partner Abuse......Page 371 Date Rape......Page 373 REVIEW......Page 376 PRACTICE TEST......Page 377 CHAPTER 11: Gender and Behavior......Page 378 GENDER STEREOTYPES......Page 379 Cognitive Abilities......Page 381 Personality Traits and Social Behavior......Page 383 Psychological Disorders......Page 384 Putting Gender Differences in Perspective......Page 385 Brain Organization......Page 386 Hormonal Influences......Page 387 ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGINS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES......Page 388 Processes in Gender-Role Socialization......Page 389 Sources of Gender-Role Socialization......Page 390 Role Expectations for Males......Page 393 Problems with the Male Role......Page 394 Role Expectations for Females......Page 396 Problems with the Female Role......Page 397 Living in Today’s World: Gender Stereotypes and “Appearance Pressure”......Page 398 Recommended Reading: The Mismeasure of Woman by Carol Tavris......Page 399 Why Are Gender Roles Changing?......Page 402 Alternatives to Traditional Gender Roles......Page 403 Speaking Styles......Page 405 REVIEW......Page 408 PRACTICE TEST......Page 409 CHAPTER 12: Development and Expression of Sexuality......Page 410 Key Aspects of Sexual Identity......Page 411 Physiological Influences......Page 412 Psychosocial Influences......Page 413 Living in Today’s World Sex and the Internet......Page 417 Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization......Page 418 Sexual Orientation......Page 419 Motives for Engaging in Sex......Page 422 Communicating About Sex......Page 423 The Sexual Response Cycle......Page 424 Gender Differences in Patterns of Orgasm......Page 426 Kissing and Touching......Page 427 Oral and Anal Sex......Page 428 Sexuality Today......Page 429 Sex Outside of Committed Relationships......Page 430 Sex in Committed Relationships......Page 431 Infidelity in Committed Relationships......Page 432 Contraception......Page 433 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 436 General Suggestions......Page 439 Understanding Sexual Dysfunction......Page 440 Coping with Specifi c Problems......Page 442 REVIEW......Page 444 PRACTICE TEST......Page 445 CHAPTER 13: Careers and Work......Page 446 CHOOSING A CAREER......Page 447 Researching Job Characteristics......Page 448 Using Psychological Tests for Career Decisions......Page 450 Holland’s Person-Environment Fit Model......Page 451 Super’s Developmental Model......Page 453 Women’s Career Development......Page 454 Workplace Trends......Page 455 Education and Earnings......Page 457 The Changing Workforce......Page 458 Job Stress......Page 461 Sexual Harassment......Page 464 Unemployment......Page 466 Living in Today’s World: Coping with Unemployment......Page 468 Work and Family Roles......Page 469 Leisure and Recreation......Page 471 Putting Together a Résumé......Page 473 Recommended Reading What Color Is Your Parachute? by Richard Nelson Bolles......Page 475 Polishing Your Interview Technique......Page 476 REVIEW......Page 478 PRACTICE TEST......Page 479 CHAPTER 14: Psychological Disorders......Page 480 The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior......Page 481 Criteria of Abnormal Behavior......Page 482 Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders......Page 483 The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders......Page 485 ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 486 Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia......Page 487 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 488 Etiology of Anxiety Disorders......Page 489 Conversion Disorder......Page 491 Etiology of Somatoform Disorders......Page 492 Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue......Page 493 Etiology of Dissociative Disorders......Page 494 MOOD DISORDERS......Page 495 Major Depressive Disorder......Page 496 Bipolar Disorder......Page 497 Etiology of Mood Disorders......Page 498 Living in Today’s World: Understanding and Preventing Suicide......Page 499 General Symptoms......Page 503 Recommended Reading Surviving Schizophrenia by E. ̈Fuller Torrey......Page 504 Course and Outcome......Page 506 Etiology of Schizophrenia......Page 507 Types of Eating Disorders......Page 510 Etiology of Eating Disorders......Page 512 REVIEW......Page 514 PRACTICE TEST......Page 515 CHAPTER 15: Psychotherapy......Page 516 Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?......Page 517 Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?......Page 518 Psychoanalysis......Page 521 Client-Centered Therapy......Page 523 Group Therapy......Page 525 Evaluating Insight Therapies......Page 526 Therapy and the Recovered Memories Controversy......Page 528 BEHAVIOR THERAPIES......Page 530 Systematic Desensitization......Page 531 Social Skills Training......Page 532 Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments......Page 533 BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES......Page 534 Treatment with Drugs......Page 535 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)......Page 539 Living in Today’s World Exploring New Brain Stimulation Therapies......Page 541 Grappling with the Constraints of Managed Care......Page 542 Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment......Page 543 Is the Therapist’s Profession or Sex Important?......Page 545 Is the Therapist’s Theoretical Approach Important?......Page 546 What Is Therapy Like?......Page 547 REVIEW......Page 548 PRACTICE TEST......Page 549 CHAPTER 16: Positive Psychology......Page 550 Defining Positive Psychology and Its Brief History......Page 551 Reconsidering Older Research in Light of the New Positive Psychology......Page 552 POSITIVE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES......Page 553 Positive Moods......Page 554 Positive Emotions......Page 556 Flow......Page 558 Mindfulness......Page 561 Living in Today’s World Savoring, or Deliberately Making Pleasures ̈Last......Page 563 Hope: Achieving Future Goals......Page 564 Resilience: Reacting Well to Life’s Challenges......Page 565 Spirituality: Seeking a Deeper Meaning......Page 567 Positive Workplaces......Page 569 Positive Schools......Page 570 Recommended Reading The How of Happiness by Sonya Lyubomirsky......Page 571 Prospects......Page 572 Counting Your Blessings for a Week......Page 573 Sharing a Story Illustrating the Best in You......Page 574 Sharing Good News and Capitalizing with Others......Page 575 REVIEW......Page 576 PRACTICE TEST......Page 577 Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: What’s Good for the Earth Is Good for Us by Britain A. Scott (University of St. Thomas) and Susan M. Koger......Page 578 The Escalating Environmental Crisis......Page 579 The Psychological Foundation of Environmental Problems......Page 582 Insights from Social Psychology......Page 588 Insights from Cognitive Psychology......Page 590 Insights from Developmental Psychology......Page 592 Insights from Health Psychology......Page 594 What You Can Personally Do......Page 596 Glossary......Page 598 References......Page 605 B......Page 665 C......Page 666 D......Page 667 G......Page 668 H......Page 669 K......Page 670 L......Page 671 M......Page 672 P......Page 673 R......Page 674 S......Page 675 V......Page 676 Z......Page 677 A......Page 678 C......Page 679 D......Page 680 F......Page 681 H......Page 682 J......Page 683 N......Page 684 P......Page 685 R......Page 686 S......Page 687 T......Page 688 Z......Page 689 CHAPTER 16: Positive Psychology......Page 692 Self-Reflections......Page 693 References......Page 694 The Scale......Page 695 Interpreting Your Score......Page 696 The Scale......Page 699 Interpreting Your Score......Page 700 The Scale......Page 703 Norms for LES......Page 705 The Scale......Page 707 Interpreting Your Score......Page 708 The Scale......Page 711 Interpreting Your Score......Page 712 What Your Scores Mean:......Page 713 Interpreting Your Score......Page 715 Interpreting Your Score......Page 717 Interpreting Your Score......Page 719 Interpreting Your Score......Page 721 Interpreting Your Score......Page 723 The Scale......Page 725 Interpreting Your Score......Page 726 Interpreting Your Score......Page 729 Interpreting Your Score......Page 731 Interpreting Your Score......Page 733 Interpreting Your Score......Page 735 Interpreting Your Scores......Page 737 Encouraging critical thinking about psychological issues, this introductory textbook summarizes the scientific research on human behavior relevant to the challenge of living effectively in contemporary society, and walks through the developmental transitions at each stage of life. The eighth edition reflects new developments in psychology and adds 1,000 plus references. Annotation ©2005 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR