Psychological Aspects of Cancer : A Guide to Emotional and Psychological Consequences of Cancer, Their Causes, and Their Management

This book addresses the unmet needs of the medical community in dealing with the psychological problems, particularly anxiety and depression, of patients diagnosed with cancer. Providing a scholarly review of the impact of cancer diagnosis on patients’ emotional and psychological status, as well as the evidence that psychological factors impact cancer occurrence and biological behavior, this book explores the therapeutic implications of such converse dynamics. Chapters review financial toxicity, eHealth, palliative care, mindfulness, sleep and cancer, social support and cancer, cultural diversity, pediatric and adolescent oncology, and geriatric oncology. While intended primarily for the professional readership of oncologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and palliative care physicians, a final chapter also provides practical information on available resources for patients. This fully updated and expanded new edition of Psychological Aspects of Cancer: A Guide to Emotional and Psychological Consequences of Cancer, Their Causes, and Their Management provides practitioners with cutting edge knowledge as well as practical information that translates into better care for patients with cancer. Preface Contents Contributors 1: Inflammation, Chronic Disease, and Cancer: Is Psychological Distress the Common Thread? Inflammation and Cancer Inter-Relationship Between Depression and Inflammation Rheumatic Disease Gastrointestinal Disease Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Disease Treatment Considerations HCC: An Example of Multistep Processes: Depression-Obesity- Inflammation-NAFLD-Tumor Conclusions and Future Directions References 2: Psychological Factors and Survivorship: A Focus on Post-treatment Cancer Survivors Psychological Factors and Survivorship: A Focus on Post-treatment Cancer Survivors Psychological Factors in Post-treatment Cancer Survivorship: A Brief Review What Do We Know About the Types and Levels of Psychological Distress Encountered in Post-treatment Survivorship? What Disease and Sociodemographic Factors Are Associated with Psychological Disruption in the Post-treatment Period? Summary The Emotional Concerns of Post-treatment Cancer Survivors: Evidence from the 2010 LIVESTRONG Survey for People Affected by Cancer Participants and Procedures Measures Data Analysis Results Who Reports the Most Concerns? Multivariate Linear Regression Model of Number of Emotional Concerns Addressing the Emotional Needs of Post-treatment Cancer Survivors Limitations Summary References 3: Couple Relationships and Cancer Introduction Challenges Faced by Couples Coping with Cancer Research on Couples’ Psychosocial Adaptation to Cancer Resource Perspectives Dyadic Perspectives Couple-Based Interventions in Cancer Future Directions Conclusion References 4: The Impact of Cancer and Its Therapies on Body Image and Sexuality Introduction The Sexual Response Prevalence What Are Sexual Problems? Female Sexual Problems Anorgasmia Primary Vaginismus Secondary Vaginismus Dyspareunia Male Sexual Problems Premature Ejaculation Delayed Ejaculation Loss of Libido: Male and Female Psychosexual and Behavioral Treatments Body Image Can Different Cancer Treatments Alter Body Image and Increase Sexual Difficulties? Emotional Aspects of Sex Partners Sexual Minority Groups Communication About Sex Conclusion References 5: Use of the Classic Hallucinogen Psilocybin for Treatment of Existential Distress Associated with Cancer Psilocybin Psychiatric Research with Classic Hallucinogens: Historical Perspective Contemporary Psilocybin Research in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer Overview and Prevalence of Emotional Distress in Advanced Cancer Focus on Spiritual and Existential Distress in Palliative Care Religion Versus Spirituality Spiritual Well-Being and Psychological Distress Enhanced Spiritual Well-Being as a Buffer Against Emotional Distress Uniqueness of Psilocybin Mystical Experience Treatment Model Johns Hopkins Studies of Psilocybin-Occasioned Mystical-Type Experience Clinical Case Vignette of a Patient in an Ongoing Psilocybin Cancer-Anxiety Study Conclusion: Psilocybin Treatment Implications for Palliative Care and Psycho-oncology References 6: Meaning, Spirituality, and Perceived Growth Across the Cancer Continuum: A Positive Psychology Perspective Cancer Survivorship The Meaning-Making Model Global Meaning Situational Meaning: The Meaning of Potentially Stressful Encounters Stress as Discrepancy Between Global and Situational Meaning Meanings Made Meaning in the Context of Cancer Appraised Meaning of Cancer Cancer as Violation of Global Meaning Making Meaning from the Cancer Experience Meaning Made from the Cancer Experience Spirituality and Cancer Survivorship Spirituality and Appraised Meaning of Cancer Spirituality and Meaning-Making from the Cancer Experience Spiritual Meanings Made from the Cancer Experience Perceived Stress-Related Growth and Cancer Positive Psychology and Interventions with Cancer Survivors Future Research in Positive Psychology and Cancer Survivorship References 7: Stress, Coping, and Hope Stress and Coping Theory Appraisal Coping Hope Coping and Hope: Dynamic Interdependence Coping with Uncertainty Dealing with a Changing Reality Conclusion References 8: Religiousness and Spirituality in Coping with Cancer Definitions of Religiousness and Spirituality Religious/Spiritual Coping Nature of Religious Coping Measurement of Religious Coping Prevalence of Religious Coping in Cancer Change in Religious Coping Strategies Across the Illness Course Cultural and Denominational Differences Religious Coping and Adjustment in Cancer The Role of Nonreligious Variables Religious Coping and Growth Addressing Cancer Patients’ Spiritual Needs Spiritual Needs Assessments Spiritual Distress Management Barriers to Spiritual Needs’ Assessment and Management Conclusions and Future Directions References 9: Psychoneuroimmunology and Cancer: Mechanisms Explaining Incidence, Progression, and Quality-of-Life Difficulties Introduction Psychosocial Associations with Cancer Incidence and Progression Stress and Cancer Progression Glucocorticoids Catecholamines Biological Mechanisms of Quality-of-Life Issues Among Cancer Survivors Chronic Inflammation Pathways from Chronic Inflammation to Fatigue The Role of Cellular Bioenergetic Health in Post-cancer Symptoms Therapeutic Impacts on Mitochondria Hyperglycemia Psychosocial Interventions and Biological Outcomes in Cancer Conclusions and Limitations References 10: Psychosocial Interventions in Cancer Introduction Psychosocial Responses in Cancer Survivors Diagnosis Treatment Decision and Pretreatment Preparation Active Treatment Advanced-Stage Disease Posttreatment Survivorship Critical Transition Period Short-Term Survivorship ( 5 Years Posttreatment) Psychosocial Interventions in Cancer Targets of Interventions Types of Interventions Individual Support and Self-Administered Interventions Group Interventions Interventions for Couples and Families Caregiver Interventions Modes of Delivery Interventions Across the Cancer Continuum Pretreatment Interventions Interventions Conducted During and Immediately Following Treatment Emotional and Physical Well-Being and Quality of Life Immune Function Survival Mixed Findings What Works for Whom? Sociodemographic Factors Medical Factors Physical and Emotional Well-Being Perceived Stress Social Support Coping Styles Accessibility of Care Stepped Care Summary and Future Directions References 11: Altruism in Relation to Live Donor Liver Transplants for Liver Cancer Summary Meanings of Altruism Altruism in the Ancient World Altruism and Religion Clinical Literature on Live Organ Donors Inonu University Experience with Living Liver Donors Overall Statistics Organ Donation in Turkey Some Background on Interviews with Live Liver Donors and Families Examples of Four Types of Donor and Donor-Family Conversations Type 1. Good Conversation, Good Outcome (Partial Liver Donation) Type 2. Good Conversation, But No Donation Type 3. Bad Conversation, But Good Donor Outcome Type 4. Bad Conversation, Bad Outcome (No Donation) Conclusion References 12: Emerging Challenges in Advanced Cancer Care: Opportunities for Enhancing Patient-Centered Communication Introduction Financial Burden in Advance Cancer: Promoting Cost Conversations Information Technology in Cancer Care: Realizing Its Potential and Addressing Its Pitfalls Cancer Communication on Social Media: Providing Support Online and Mitigating the Impact of Misinformation Cancer Caregiving: Supporting Informal Caregivers Through Communication Precision Oncology: Supporting Patient-Centered, Informed Decision-Making Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Advanced Cancer Care Conclusion References 13: Complementary Mind-Body Therapies in Cancer Introduction Psychosocial Stress and Cancer Conceptual Framework Complementary Mind-Body Therapies Hypnosis Meditation Practices Art Therapy Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy Music Therapy Neuro-Emotional Technique Exploring Mechanisms of Self-Regulation Through Neuroimaging Conclusion References 14: The Intersection Between Cancer and Caregiver Survivorship Death and Dying The Role of Health Care Professionals in End-of-Life Care Palliative Care and Hospice Care During the Final Hours Grief and Bereavement of the Family Caregiver Caregiving, Bereavement, and Health: Potential Biobehavioral Mediators Interventions to Improve Quality of Life at the End of Life Interventions Targeting Caregiver Quality of Life Couples Therapy at the End of Life Summary References 15: Controversies in Psycho-Oncology Screening for Emotional Distress in Cancer Patients Conclusion Psychological Interventions for Emotional Distress Among Cancer Patients The Role of “Positive Psychology” in Cancer Care Support Groups and Survival in Cancer Integrative Oncology Conclusion References 16: Resources for Cancer Patients Setting the Stage The Art and Science of Resource Referral Types of Resources: Helping Our Patients and Their Loved Ones Utilize Resources Resource Guide Resources Conclusion: Lessons Learned References 17: Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors Physical Well-Being and Symptoms Psychosocial Well-Being Survivorship Care Cancer Care among Underserved Groups Race and Ethnicity Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Psychosocial Interventions Interventions Providing Informational Support and Psychoeducation Survivorship Care Planning Behavioral Health Digital Health Interventions Group Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral, Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Meaning-Based Therapeutic Interventions Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Future Directions References 18: Cancer Fatalism: Attitudes Toward Screening and Care Fatalism and Cancer: Attitudes Toward Screening and Care Introduction Definitions of Fatalism Cancer Fatalism Cancer Fatalism in Diverse Population Groups Cancer Fatalism and Screening for Early Detection of Cancer Cancer Fatalism and Delay in Diagnosis Cancer Fatalism and Cancer Survivors Understanding Cancer Fatalism as a Multidimensional Construct Extent of Cancer Fatalism Fatalistic Causal Attributions of Cancer Antecedents of Cancer Fatalism Outcomes of Cancer Fatalism Discussion and Conclusions References 19: Cancer and the Aging Population Introduction Considerations Prior to Cancer-Directed Management Cancer-Directed Therapies Systemic Therapies Chemotherapy Targeted Therapies Immunotherapy Surgery Radiation Cellular Therapies Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR T) Therapy Clinical Trials Supportive Care in Older Adults Financial Considerations Social Support Considerations: Multidisciplinary Team-Based Care and the Role of Caregivers Cancer Survivorship of an Aging Population Conclusion References 20: Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Patients with Cancer Definition and Principles of Mindfulness Content and Format of Mindfulness Interventions Reviews and Meta-Analyses of MBIs for Cancer Studies Including Multiple Cancer Types Studies Focused on Breast Cancer Studies Focused on Male Cancer Patients Studies Focused on Patients with Advanced Cancer Summary eHealth Delivered Mindfulness Interventions Discussion References 21: Social Genomics and Cancer: Neural Regulation of the Cancer Genome Introduction The Tumor Microenvironment Neural Regulation of Gene Expression Social Signal Transduction Social Genomics in the Tumor Microenvironment Translational Implications: Pharmacologic Approaches Randomized-Controlled Trials Non-randomized Trials Translational Implications: Behavioral Approaches Future Directions Implications for Psycho-oncology References 22: Psychological Aspects of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling and Genetic Testing: Toward an Expanded and More Equitable View Components of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling Behavioral Outcomes of Cancer Genetic Counseling and Testing Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Hereditary Colon Cancer Hereditary Melanoma Psychological Outcomes of Cancer Genetic Counseling and Testing Psychological Distress Testing-Specific Concerns Following Genetic Counseling Toward an Expanded View: Understanding Both Positive and Negative Psychological Outcomes of Cancer Genetic Testing Qualitative Accounts of the Costs and Benefits of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling and Testing Quantitative Assessment of Positive and Negative Psychological Outcomes of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling and Testing An Integrative Model for Understanding Multiple Determinants of the Psychological and Behavioral Impact of Hereditary Cancer Risk Counseling and Genetic Testing Potential Predictors of Responses to Genetic Testing Multiple Potentially Interrelated Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes Toward Equity: Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Genetic Testing Knowledge, Referrals, and Uptake Contributors to Health Disparities in Hereditary Cancer Genetic Counseling and Testing Disparities in Understanding of Genetic Contributors to Cancer Among Ethnic Minorities Conclusion and Future Directions References 23: Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy Introduction The Impact of Meaning and Spiritual Well-Being on Psychosocial Outcomes in Advanced Cancer Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy: Theoretical Framework Concepts of Meaning Meaning-Focused Coping Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy: Formats and Themes Psychoeducation Through Didactics and Experiential Exercises Integration of Existential Concepts and Themes Administration of Meaning-Centered Group Psychotherapy Administration of Individual Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy: An Efficacious Intervention Adaptations of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Survivors Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers Meaning-Centered Grief Therapy Future Directions References 24: Quality of Life Introduction Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life with Patient-Reported Outcomes Integration of PROs into Cancer Clinical Trials Integration of HRQOL PROs in Cancer Care Delivery Summary and Future Directions References 25: “This Is What Kills Me”: The Financial Toxicity of Cancer and Its Psychological Cost Identifying Financial Toxicity Objective Types of Financial Toxicity Medical Expenses Non-medical Expenses Health Insurance and Socioeconomic Status Treatment Non-adherence. Subjective Types of Financial Toxicity: Psychological Distress and Quality of Life Financial Toxicity in People of Color Suggested Remedies: A Clinical Detox Discussion Conclusion References 26: Bringing It All Together Introduction Psychological Symptoms and Tumor Biology Cancer Prevention and Decision-Making Theory Related to the Practice of Psychosocial Oncology The Social Context Patient Support Advanced Cancer Summary References Index