Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law)

Provides multidisciplinary coverage of stalking behavior worldwide from both academic and practical approaches Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: The International Perspective is a thorough, up-to-date overview of stalking perpetration and victimization in different regions of the world. This authoritative book brings together contributions from a team of leading scholars and practitioners that discuss a diverse range of interrelated topics and issues relevant to stalking and intrusive behavior from both theoretical and practical contexts. Whereas most of the literature on the subject is written from a Western viewpoint, this unique volume examines empirical research, policies, and practices from Asian and African countries, as well as those from Europe, the Americas, and Australia, to provide a truly global perspective. Divided into three parts, the book first examines theories and research on cross-national differences in stalking among college students, ex-partner stalking in Finland, cyberstalking victimization in Singapore, the heterogeneity of stalking and stalkers in Australia, public familiarity and understanding of stalking/harassing legislation in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and more. The book’s second part focuses on national portraits of stalking in a number of understudied populations, including Lithuania, Spain, Denmark, Portugal, and South Africa. Finally in the third section of the book, the chapters largely emphasize policy and best practice, including the Dutch model of policing stalking, risk assessment and management of stalking in Sweden, psycho-legal responses to online interpersonal harm, the German approach to stopping stalking, the United Kingdom response to assessing and managing stalking, and the work of the Danish Stalking Centre. This important contribution to the field: Offers insights from international professionals applicable in other geographical contexts Discusses the factors that influence social awareness and responses to stalking Explores the importance of victim vulnerability factors when managing risk of stalking Presents real-world case studies of stalking behavior, intimate partner violence, stalking victimization, and statutory and law enforcement efforts Reviews the intervention practices of the support institutions and justice systems of different countries Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: The International Perspective is an ideal primary or supplementary text for courses in criminology, criminal justice, forensic psychology, and social and behavioral science, as well as a valuable source of reference for those who deal with offenders or victims of stalking, including law enforcement agents, mental health professionals, legal practitioners, social services personnel, and policy makers. Cover 1 Title Page 7 Copyright Page 8 Contents 9 Foreword 17 References 19 Introduction: Stalking Behavior in a Global Context 21 Introduction 21 The Approach Adopted in this Book 22 The Structure of the Book 23 Exploring the Global Phenomenon of Stalking Behavior from a Psycho-Criminological Perspective 26 References 27 Part 1 Theories and Research 29 Chapter 1 Stalking and Cyberstalking Victimization Research: Taking Stock of Key Conceptual, Definitional, Prevalence, and Theoretical Issues 31 Introduction 31 Conceptual and Definitional Issues—Stalking 33 Conceptual and Definitional Issues—Cyberstalking 35 Prevalence of Stalking and Cyberstalking Victimization 36 Theoretical Approaches Applied to Stalking and Cyberstalking Victimization 42 Multi-Theoretical Frameworks 50 Future Directions for Research 51 References 52 Chapter 2 Racial Differences in Stalking Victimization, Police Reporting, and Coping Strategies among White, Black, and Asian Americans 57 Introduction 57 Stalking Victimization 59 Racial Differences in Stalking Victimization 60 Racial Differences in Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Stalking Victims 61 Data and Methods 62 Sample 62 Measures 64 Analytic Strategy 66 Results 66 Discussion and Conclusion 67 References 71 Chapter 3 Ex-Partner Stalking in Finland: Children as Knowing Agents in Parental Stalking 75 Introduction 75 Finland as a Research Context for Ex-Partner Stalking 77 Method 78 Dimensions of Children’s Knowing Agency 80 Children's Various Knowing Agency 91 Conclusion 93 Acknowledgments 94 References 94 Chapter 4 Unwanted Attention: A Survey on Cyberstalking Victimization 97 Introduction 97 Characteristics of Cyberspace 98 Defining Cyberstalking 99 Reviewing the Literature on Cyberstalking 99 Impact of Cyberstalking on Victims 100 Victims’ Actions and Coping Efforts 101 Recent Developments in the Cyberstalking Landscape in Singapore 101 Three Surveys of Cyberstalking in Emergent Adults in Singapore 102 Methodology 103 General Discussion on Three Singapore Surveys 120 Study Limitations 122 Conclusion 122 Acknowledgments 123 References 123 Examples of Cyberstalking 128 Survey Questionnaire 129 Chapter 5 Is there a “Best” Stalking Typology?: Parsing the Heterogeneity of Stalking and Stalkers in an Australian Sample 135 Introduction 135 Offense and Offender Classification Schemes 136 A Brief History of Stalking Classification Schemes 137 Which Typology to Use? 142 Aim and Approach of the Current Study 143 Method 143 Results 145 Discussion 148 Support for each of the Commonly Used Stalking Typologies 149 Choosing which Typology to Use 152 Conclusion 153 Acknowledgment 153 References 154 Chapter 6 Public Familiarity and Understanding of Stalking/Harassment Legislation in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States 157 Introduction 157 Method 161 Findings 164 Discussion 171 References 175 Part II National Portraits 179 Chapter 7 Stalking Perception, Victimization, and Anti-Stalking Response in the Lithuanian Context 181 Introduction 181 Issues of Stalking Definition 182 Prevalence of Stalking 184 Stalking and Gender-Based Stereotypes 188 Stalking: Legal Protection and Prevention 190 Conclusions 191 References 192 Chapter 8 Stalking and Intimate Partner Violence Prevention from Ecological and Public Health Perspectives: The Spanish Experience 195 An Introduction to Intimate Partner Violence 195 The Criminalization of Stalking in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Spain 197 The Evolution of Social Perceptions of IPV in Spain and its Legislation 199 Quantifying IPV in Spain: An Overview of Available Data 201 Inclusion of Stalking in Crimes against Freedom in the Spanish Penal Code 205 Latest Measures against IPV in Spain and the Repercussions Emerging from the Most Recent Social Movements 207 Violence Prevention in the Context of Ecological and Public Health Approaches 209 References 210 Chapter 9 Stalking as a Phenomenon in a Danish Context 215 Introduction 215 Danish Stalking Centre 217 Stalking as a Phenomenon 217 Stalking as Violence 219 Stalking as a Social Problem 224 References 227 Chapter 10 Stalking in Portugal: From Numbers to the New Challenges 229 Introduction 229 The Experience of Fear 230 The Situation in Portugal 231 Criminal Statistics 238 Difficulties and Post-Criminalization Challenges 241 References 243 Chapter 11 Stalking in South Africa 247 Introduction 247 Stalking in a Multicultural Society 248 Legal Aspects in South Africa 250 Case Example: State vs. Walabh 256 Case Example: Intimate Partner Stalker 258 Case Example: Workplace Stalking in the Mental Health Care Environment 260 Conclusion 261 References 261 Part III Policy and Best Practice 265 Chapter 12 The Dutch Model: A New Approach to Policing Stalking 267 The Challenges of Defining Stalking From a Dutch Perspective 267 The Potential Consequences of “Missing” Stalking 269 Key Problems Leading to Inadequate Response by Dutch Police 272 Developing a More Effective Response to Stalking 279 A Structured Police Approach to Stalking 279 Conclusion 285 References 286 Chapter 13 Risk Assessment and Management of Stalking in Sweden: The Importance of Fear as a Victim Vulnerability Factor 289 Introduction 289 Prevalence of Stalking Victimization 291 Fear as a Victim Vulnerability Factor 292 Stalking Victimization 294 Policing Stalking 296 Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Stalking 298 Collaboration for Better Protection of Victims 301 Conclusion 302 References 303 Chapter 14 Hashtag You’re It: Limitations of Psycho-Legal Responses to Online Interpersonal Harm 307 Lawful Good: A Proposed Framework for Sentencing Online Harmful Behaviors 307 Old DOS, New Tricks 310 Zeroes Versus One: How People Behave Badly Online 310 Mass Effect: When People Behave Badly Together Online 311 Invisible and Indivisible: Why People Behave Badly Online 313 If a Tree Falls in Cyberspace: Accountability for Online Harm 314 Murder, She Posted: Legality of Online Threats 316 Fuzzy Logic: Analysis of Psychological Assumptions Made in Cyberthreat Law 317 Capacity to Assess for Intent, and Estimation of Probable Fear 318 Online Threats, Offline Harm 321 To Kill a Mocking Tweet 324 References 325 Chapter 15 Stop Stalking—But How? 329 Introduction 329 Offer and Access 330 The Rationale of Counseling—Integration of Methods 332 Validate to Change—The Dialectic between Process and Confrontation 335 Tell Me Why—Formulation as the Case Conceptualization 337 Give Me a Point—Strengthening the Healthy Adult 340 Stop It! Limiting the Problem Behavior 341 To Change or Not to Change? Motivational Issues 342 What Comes when Stalking Goes? Working with Pathological Grief 346 Does it Really Work? Results of a Retrospective Survey 347 Conclusions 349 References 349 Chapter 16 National Stalking Clinic: A UK Response to Assessing and Managing Stalking Behavior 355 Introduction 355 Legal Changes 356 Theoretical Approach 357 Setting up the Clinic 358 Descriptive Analysis of the First 60 Cases 361 Case Examples 363 Summary and Conclusions 369 References 370 Chapter 17 The Danish Stalking Centre, 2019 371 Introduction 371 Target Group for the Intervention Center 372 The Conceptual Framework of the Intervention and its Perspective 372 Helpline 374 Referral for Professional Multidisciplinary Interventions 376 Professional Multidisciplinary Services 379 Psychotherapy at the Danish Stalking Centre 380 Psychotherapy for Stalking Victims 381 Intervention for Children and Families of Stalking Victims 385 Psychotherapy for Stalkers 386 Knowledge of the Target Group and Effect 390 Knowledge Center 392 Cooperation Across Authorities and Sectors 394 Future Goals for Danish Stalking Centre 399 References 399 Conclusions 401 Concluding Remarks 401 Author Index 407 Subject Index 413 EULA 419 **Provides multidisciplinary coverage of stalking behavior worldwide from both academic and practical approaches** __Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: The International Perspective__is a thorough, up-to-date overview of stalking perpetration and victimization in different regions of the world. This authoritative book brings together contributions from a team of leading scholars and practitioners that discuss a diverse range of interrelated topics and issues relevant to stalking and intrusive behavior from both theoretical and practical contexts. Whereas most of the literature on the subject is written from a Western viewpoint, this unique volume examines empirical research, policies, and practices from Asian and African countries, as well as those from Europe, the Americas, and Australia, to provide a truly global perspective. Divided into three parts, the book first examines theories and research on cross-national differences in stalking among college students, ex-partner stalking in Finland, cyberstalking victimization in Singapore, the heterogeneity of stalking and stalkers in Australia, public familiarity and understanding of stalking/harassing legislation in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and more. The book’s second part focuses on national portraits of stalking in a number of understudied populations, including Lithuania, Spain, Denmark, Portugal, and South Africa. Finally in the third section of the book, the chapters largely emphasize policy and best practice, including the Dutch model of policing stalking, risk assessment and management of stalking in Sweden, psycho-legal responses to online interpersonal harm, the German approach to stopping stalking, the United Kingdom response to assessing and managing stalking, and the work of the Danish Stalking Centre. This important contribution to the field: * Offers insights from international professionals applicable in other geographical contexts * Discusses the factors that influence social awareness and responses to stalking * Explores the importance of victim vulnerability factors when managing risk of stalking * Presents real-world case studies of stalking behavior, intimate partner violence, stalking victimization, and statutory and law enforcement efforts * Reviews the intervention practices of the support institutions and justice systems of different countries Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior is an overview of stalking perpetration and victimization in different regions of the world. This book brings together contributions from a team of leading scholars and practitioners that discuss a diverse range of interrelated topics and issues relevant to stalking and intrusive behavior from both theoretical and practical contexts. This volume examines empirical research, polices, and practices from Asian and African countries, as well as those from Europe, the Americas, and Australia, to provide a truly global perspective