Protein Reviews: Volume 21 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1314)

The Protein Reviews series serves as a publication vehicle for reviews that focus on crucial contemporary and vital aspects of protein structure, function, evolution and genetics. Volumes are published online first, prior to publication in a printed book. Chapters are selected according to their importance to the understanding of biological systems, relevance to the unravelling of issues associated with health and disease, or impact on scientific or technological advances and developments. Volume 21 presents eight review chapters authored by experts in the related fields. The first chapter covers the enzyme squalene monooxygenase and lipid levels and its relevance in health and disease. Chapter two presents a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers. The third chapter provides a review of the role of CI- in type IV collagen assembly, function, and disease, including future directions for studies. This is followed by a summary in chapter four about the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism and the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like proteins. Chapter five discusses recent data about the evolutionary aspects on structural differences between humans and the nematode in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans. The sixth chapter summarizes the immunochemical character of the IGHV1-69 -derived RFs and the recognition mechanism of the IGHV1-69 -derived RFs. Chapter seven covers regulated alternative translocation and its role as an emerging mechanism to regulate transmembrane proteins. Finally, chapter eight reviews current progress on IL-36 protein and biology and novel investigative tools. This volume is intended for research scientists, clinicians, physicians and graduate students in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetics. Preface Contents The Degron Architecture of Squalene Monooxygenase and How Specific Lipids Calibrate Levels of This Key Cholesterol Synthesis E... 1 Introduction 2 Advances in Squalene Monooxygenase Research 3 Architecture of the Squalene Monooxygenase Protein 3.1 The Catalytic Domain of Squalene Monooxygenase 3.2 Cholesterol Induces Structural Changes in the Degron of Squalene Monooxygenase 3.3 Squalene Monooxygenase Senses Cellular Lipid Levels 4 Non-canonical Ubiquitination of Squalene Monooxygenase 5 Protein Effectors in the Degradation of Squalene Monooxygenase 6 Conclusions and Perspective for the Future References Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology 1 Introduction 2 Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function and Structure 2.1 Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporters Formed by the SLC3 and SLC7 Families 2.1.1 General Properties 2.1.2 Structural Aspects - Human LAT1-4F2hc and b0,+AT-rBAT, the First Complete Heteromeric Transporter Structures 2.1.3 Tissue Distribution 2.1.4 Trafficking, Protein Folding, Quality Control, and Catalytic Modulation 2.1.5 Integration into Larger Complexes 2.1.6 Pathophysiological Aspects 2.2 SLC16 Monocarboxylate/H+ Heteromeric Carriers with Basigin and Embigin 2.2.1 General Properties and Structural Aspects 2.2.2 Tissue-Specific Expression 2.2.3 Trafficking, Protein Folding and Quality Control 2.2.4 Integration into Larger Complexes 2.2.5 Catalytic Modulation 2.2.6 Pathophysiological Aspects 2.3 Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1, SLC4A1) and Glycophorin A 2.3.1 General Properties 2.3.2 Tissue-Specific Expression 2.3.3 Trafficking, Protein Folding and Quality Control 2.3.4 Integration into Larger Complexes 2.3.5 Catalytic Modulation 2.3.6 Pathophysiological Aspects 2.4 The Sterol Transporter Family SLC51 Heteromer Ost α-Ost β 2.4.1 General Properties 2.4.2 Tissue Specific Expression 2.4.3 Trafficking, Protein Folding and Quality Control 2.5 SLC6 Transporter Complexes with Syntaxin 1A, Collectrin ACE2 2.5.1 General Properties 2.5.2 Interaction of the SLC6 Neurotransmitter Transporters with Syntaxin 1A 2.5.3 Integration into Larger Complexes 2.5.4 SLC6 Amino Acid Transporter Interactions with Collectrin and ACE2 2.5.5 Integration into Larger Complexes 3 Common Binding Sites for SLC6 and SLC7 Ancillaries 4 Conclusions References Collagen IV Exploits a Cl- Step Gradient for Scaffold Assembly 1 Introduction 2 Structural Organization of Collagen IV 3 Approaches to Overcome Hurdles to Study NC1 Hexamer Assembly 4 Role of Cl- in NC1 Hexamer Assembly 5 Cl- Ions Are Structural Components of the NC1 Hexamer 6 Surface Environment Accessibility of Cl- Ions 7 Conclusions References Roles of Slit Ligands and Their Roundabout (Robo) Family of Receptors in Bone Remodeling 1 Introduction 2 Slit Ligands and Robo Receptors: Structure and Interactions 3 Roles of Slit-Robo Signaling in Bone Remodeling 4 Downstream of Slit-Robo Signaling in Bone Remodeling 5 NELL Family Proteins: Novel Ligands of Robo2/3 Receptors 6 Concluding Remarks References Characterization of C. elegans Chondroitin Proteoglycans and Their Large Functional and Structural Heterogeneity; Evolutionary... 1 Introduction 2 Proteoglycan Diversity from C.elegans to Humans 3 Structural Diversity of Chondroitin and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Invertebrates 4 Evolutionary Aspects of CS Biosynthesis in C.elegans and Humans 5 Glycosaminoglycan Diversity from C.elegans to Human 6 Chondroitin Sulfate and Core Proteins 7 Attachment Motifs in C.elegans and Humans 8 Evolutionary Aspects when Comparing Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) 9 Conclusions References Structural Basis of a Conventional Recognition Mode of IGHV1-69 Rheumatoid Factors 1 Rheumatoid Factors (RF) 2 RFs from a Common VH and VL Gene 3 Structure of the IGHV1-69-Derived Antibodies 4 Structure of Determined RFs 5 Structural Basis for Molecular Recognition of the RF YES8c 5.1 RF YES8c 5.2 Overall Structure of the YES8c-Fc Complex 5.3 YES8c Subclass Specificity and Affinity 5.4 Length Limit and Amino Acid Diversity of the CDR-H3 in Fc Recognition 5.5 The Hydrophobic Region in CDR-H2 Common to IGHV1-69-Derived Antibodies 5.6 The Importance of the Light Chain Paired with IGHV1-69 Heavy Chain 5.7 Effects of SHMs in RFs 6 Concluding Remarks References Regulated Alternative Translocation: A Mechanism Regulating Transmembrane Proteins Through Topological Inversion 1 Introduction 2 Topological Inversion of TM4SF20: A Critical Step in Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy 3 Topological Inversion of CCR5: A Critical Step for LPS to Inhibit Chemotaxis 4 Concluding Remarks References Interleukin-36: Structure, Signaling and Function 1 Introduction 2 IL-36 Cytokines Are Members of the IL-1 Superfamily 2.1 The Secretion Mechanism of IL-36 Cytokines Is Not Completely Understood 2.2 Full-Length IL-36 Cytokines Require N-Terminal Processing Before Activating NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways 2.3 IL-36 Cytokines Adopt a Similar Structural Fold as the Other Cytokines in the IL-1 Superfamily 3 IL-36 Receptors Are Multi-domain Transmembrane Receptors That Require an Agonist for Activation 3.1 IL-36R Is Likely to Adopt a Similar Structural Fold as the Other Receptors in the IL-1 Superfamily 3.2 Receptors from the IL-1 Superfamily Require Corresponding Cytokines for Activation and Inhibition 3.3 IL-38, Also Identified Through DNA Database Analysis, Is a 152 Amino Acid-Long Antagonistic Cytokine and Shows about 40% S... 4 IL-36 Tissue Expression, Function and Regulation 4.1 Skin 4.2 Intestine 4.3 Lungs 4.4 Joints 4.5 Brain 5 Tools and Investigative Therapeutics 6 Conclusions References Index "The Protein Reviews series serves as a publication vehicle for reviews that focus on crucial contemporary and vital aspects of protein structure, function, evolution and genetics. Volumes are published online first, prior to publication in a printed book. Chapters are selected according to their importance to the understanding of biological systems, relevance to the unravelling of issues associated with health and disease, or impact on scientific or technological advances and developments. Volume 21 presents eight review chapters authored by experts in the related fields. The first chapter covers the enzyme squalene monooxygenase and lipid levels and its relevance in health and disease. Chapter two presents a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers. The third chapter provides a review of the role of CI- in type IV collagen assembly, function, and disease, including future directions for studies.^This is followed by a summary in chapter four about the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism and the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like proteins. Chapter five discusses recent data about the evolutionary aspects on structural differences between humans and the nematode in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans. The sixth chapter summarizes the immunochemical character of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs and the recognition mechanism of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs. Chapter seven covers regulated alternative translocation and its role as an emerging mechanism to regulate transmembrane proteins. Finally, chapter eight reviews current progress on IL-36 protein and biology and novel investigative tools.^This volume is intended for research scientists, clinicians, physicians and graduate students in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetics."--Page 4 de la couverture