Protecting The Fatherland: Lawsuits And Political Debates In Jülich, Hesse-Cassel And Brittany (1642-1655) 20

This open access book presents a comparative analysis of the use of fatherland terminology in a political and legal context in Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany from 1642 to 1655. Fatherland terminology includes words such as patria, patriot and nation. In historiography, the use of these words by the nobility is often interpreted as an early sign of nationalism that conflicted with the prince's initiation of state-building. The book argues that neither 'states' nor 'nationalism' truly existed yet; rather, the political arena was dominated by dynasties. Further, it rejects the notion of deliberate state-building and demonstrates that the nobility used this terminology to object to princely politics as part of adopting a "presupposed office." This status allowed the nobility to place itself outside the ruler-subject constellation and critique the situation. The Duchy of Jülich and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel are used as examples of small economies of scale with homogenous nobilities, and ones where the Thirty Year's War hit hard – which led to the illegal levying of taxes and the billeting of soldiers, and in turn to the nobility critiquing princely politics. In contrast, the Duchy of Brittany, with its large economy of scale and heterogeneous nobility, found an alternative way of pursuing its interests and keeping taxes as low as possible. The goal of this book is to discuss and present three representative cases that offer insights into how the nobility safeguarded the welfare and prosperity of the fatherland and its inhabitants. Preface 7 Acknowledgments 9 Note on Terminology 10 Contents 12 Abbreviations 15 List of Figures 16 List of Maps 17 List of Tables 19 Chapter 1: Introduction 20 1.1 The Problem and Its Study 20 1.2 Definitions and the Development of Terminology 24 1.3 Methodology, Sources and Structure 37 References 39 Part I: Holy Roman Empire 43 Chapter 2: Political Language in the Holy Roman Empire (1500-1650s) 44 2.1 German Political Thought (15th-17th century) 45 2.2 German Fatherland Terminology 47 References 50 Chapter 3: Jülich: Pamphlets and Cologne Get-Togethers (1640s-1650s) 52 3.1 Jülich ́s Early History Until the War of Succession (1609-1614) 55 3.2 Jülich Until the Peace of Prague (1635) 62 3.2.1 Until the Peace of Westphalia (1648) 64 3.3 Hostile Occupation: Hessian Troops 82 3.4 Conclusion 92 References 94 Chapter 4: Hesse-Cassel: Alledged Sedition and Law-Suits (1640s-1650s) 97 4.1 The Lineage of the Landgravial Family: 1500-1600 103 4.2 Maurice the Learned: Confessional Breakdown of Relations (1592-1627) 106 4.3 Wilhelm V: The Enemy of the Emperor and Exile (1627-1636/7) 108 4.4 Politics in Exile (1637-1640) 109 4.5 Amelie Elisabeth: Regent, Commander, and Negotiator (1637-1650) 111 4.6 The Nobility: Maintaining the Status Quo (1637-1646) 113 4.7 Final Negotiations: Peace of Westphalia (1648) 114 4.8 Landgravine and Nobility: Problems Arising (1646-1650) 115 4.9 Preparing and Filing an Official Complaint (1647-1655) 121 4.9.1 Remonstratio 122 4.9.2 Mandatum Inhibitorium et Cassatorium Sine Clausula: 1647 and 1650, 1651 122 4.9.3 Disposition or Gutachten 1648-1650 123 4.9.4 Exceptiones sub- et obreptionis: 1651 124 4.9.5 Mandatum Poenale Sine Clausula: 1652 124 4.9.6 Replica: 30 March 1652 125 4.9.7 PP: 30 March 1652 129 4.9.8 Duplica: 22 April 1653 130 4.9.9 Reaction to the Duplica (1653-1655?) 134 4.9.10 Triplica: 26 June 1655 137 4.9.11 Ohn Vorgreiffliche Memorialien (1653-1655) 139 4.9.12 (Draft Loco) Quatruplika: 1655 145 4.9.13 The Agreement: The End of the Legal Conflict: 2 October 1655 145 4.10 Conclusion 148 References 152 Part II: Kingdom of France 156 Chapter 5: Patriots in France, Political Talks Between 1500s and 1650s 157 5.1 Political Developments: Kings, Children, and Succession 158 5.2 Governmental Organisation: Tasks, Taxes, and Ties 163 5.3 Political Thought: Sovereignty, Reason, and Patrie 166 References 170 Chapter 6: Brittany: Pay d ́États and Don Gratuit (1648-1652) 173 6.1 Brittany ́s Early History: Successions and a Forced Union 176 6.2 Cardinal de Richelieu ́s Influence and Cardinal Mazarin ́s Guidance 182 6.3 The États and the Parlement of Brittany 187 6.3.1 États Assembly and Parlement of 1649 188 6.3.2 États-Assembly and the `Rump ́ Parlement of 1651 191 6.4 The Tax Burden in Brittany 196 6.5 Conclusion 198 References 200 Part III: Conclusion 202 Chapter 7: Comparison of the Cases 203 7.1 Answering Hypothesis 1: Within Small Principalities Fatherland Terminology Is Used 204 7.2 Answering Hypothesis 2: Homogeneous Interests Stimulate the Use of Fatherland Terminology 207 7.3 Final Remarks 209 References 210 Bibliography 211 Archival Sources 211 Jülich 211 Hesse-Cassel 211 Brittany 212 Printed Primary Sources 213 Jülich 213 Hesse-Cassel 214 Other 215 Secondary Literature 216 Index 226 This open access book presents a comparative analysis of the use of fatherland terminology in a political and legal context in Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany from 1642 to 1655. Fatherland terminology includes words such as patria, patriot and nation. In historiography, the use of these words by the nobility is often interpreted as an early sign of nationalism that conflicted with the prince{u2019}s initiation of state-building. The book argues that neither {u2018}states{u2019} nor {u2018}nationalism{u2019} truly existed yet; rather, the political arena was dominated by dynasties. Further, it rejects the notion of deliberate state-building and demonstrates that the nobility used this terminology to object to princely politics as part of adopting a ?presupposed office.? This status allowed the nobility to place itself outside the ruler-subject constellation and critique the situation. The Duchy of Jülich and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel are used as examples of small economies of scale with homogenous nobilities, and ones where the Thirty Year{u2019}s War hit hard {u2013} which led to the illegal levying of taxes and the billeting of soldiers, and in turn to the nobility critiquing princely politics. In contrast, the Duchy of Brittany, with its large economy of scale and heterogeneous nobility, found an alternative way of pursuing its interests and keeping taxes as low as possible. The goal of this book is to discuss and present three representative cases that offer insights into how the nobility safeguarded the welfare and prosperity of the fatherland and its inhabitants "This open access book presents a comparative analysis of the use of fatherland terminology in a political and legal context in Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany from 1642 to 1655. Fatherland terminology includes words such as patria, patriot and nation. In historiography, the use of these words by the nobility is often interpreted as an early sign of nationalism that conflicted with the prince's initiation of state-building. The book argues that neither 'states' nor 'nationalism' truly existed yet; rather, the political arena was dominated by dynasties. Further, it rejects the notion of deliberate state-building and demonstrates that the nobility used this terminology to object to princely politics as part of adopting a "presupposed office." This status allowed the nobility to place itself outside the ruler-subject constellation and critique the situation. The Duchy of Jülich and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel are used as examples of small economies of scale with homogeneous nobilities, and ones where the Thirty Year's War hit hard - which led to the illegal levying of taxes and the billeting of soldiers, and in turn to the nobility critiquing princely politics. In contrast, the Duchy of Brittany, with its large economy of scale and heterogeneous nobility, found an alternative way of pursuing its interests and keeping taxes as low as possible. The goal of this book is to discuss and present three representative cases that offer insights into how the nobility safeguarded the welfare and prosperity of the fatherland and its inhabitants"--Back cover