Protected Areas and Tourism in Southern Africa: Conservation Goals and Community Livelihoods (Routledge Studies in Conservation and the Environment)

This volume discusses the complex relationship between Protected Areas and tourism and their impact on community livelihoods in a range of countries in Southern Africa. Protected areas and tourism have an enduring and symbiotic relationship. While protected areas offer a desirable setting for tourism products, tourism provides revenue that can contribute to conservation efforts. This can bring benefits to local communities, but it can also have a negative impact, with the establishment of protected areas leading to the eviction of local communities from their original places of residence, while also preventing them from accessing the natural resources they once enjoyed. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, this book addresses the opportunities and challenges faced by communities and other stakeholders as they endeavour to achieve their conservation goals and work towards improving community livelihoods. Case studies from Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe address key issues such as human–wildlife conflicts, ecotourism, wildlife-based tourism, landscape governance, wildlife crop-raiding and trophy hunting, including the high-profile case of Cecil the lion. Chapters highlight both the achievements and positive outcomes of protected areas, but also the challenges faced and their impact on how protected areas are viewed and also conservation priorities more generally. The volume gives these issues affecting protected areas, local communities, managers and international conservation efforts centre stage in order inform policy and improve practice going forward. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of conservation, natural resource management, tourism, sustainable development and African studies, as well as professionals and policymakers involved in conservation policy. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Figures Tables Contributors Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1 Protected Areas and Tourism Dynamics in Southern Africa: An Overview Protected Areas, Tourism and Community Livelihoods Sustainability Challenges Outline of the Volume References Part I Community–PA Relations: Impacts On Local Communities 2 Protected Areas and Tourism Development: A Historical Analysis of the Southern African Experience Introduction Kruger National Park, South Africa Chobe National Park, Botswana Growing Pains for Local Livelihoods Amid Plenty Tourism Development: an Enclave for the Elites Or Livelihood Game Changer? Conclusion References 3 Community Perceptions of Protected Areas and Tourism Amidst Poverty: Experiences From Southern Africa Introduction Theoretical Frameworks Linking People’s Perceptions With Protected Areas and Tourism Determinants of Community Perceptions of Protected Areas and Tourism Policy Options Conclusion References 4 Ecotourism as a Paradigm Shift in Conservation and Community Livelihoods in the Southern African Region: Opportunities, ... Introduction Challenges and Opportunities of Ecotourism in the Region Ecotourism Opportunities Associated Challenges Socio-cultural Impacts On Host Communities Inadequate Capacity to Exploit Ecotourism Opportunities Conflicting Demands On Protected Areas Inadequate Governance Mechanisms Low Economic Linkages Inadequate Tourism Infrastructure Lessons Learnt, Recommendations and Conclusions References 5 Tolerance for Wildlife Resources Through Community Wildlife-Based Tourism: Implications for Sustainability Introduction Theoretical Framework Methodology Results and Discussion Situating CWBT Opportunities for Enhancing Community Tolerance for Wildlife Resources Through CWBT Challenges Faced in Strengthening Communities’ Tolerance for Wildlife Resources Through CWBT Implications for Sustainability Conclusion Acknowledgements References Part II Protected Areas, Tourism and Human–wildlife Conflicts Dynamics 6 Landscape Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Landscape Governance Experiences From Kenya Landscape Partnerships in Southern Kenya Landscape Partnerships in Northern Kenya Experiences From Namibia Similarities and Differences Power Relations Domination of and Over-Reliance On Individual Partners Role of Local Communities Growth and Overlap of Landscape Governance Approaches Conclusion References 7 In the Way of Wildlife: Contestations Between Indigenous Peoples’ Livelihood and Conservation Introduction Judicialising the Contestation Between Livelihood and Conservation The San and the Government of Botswana Ogiek Community and Government of Kenya Importance of the Cases to the Discourse Internationalising the Contestations Between Indigenous Livelihood and Environmental Conservation Conclusion References 8 The Socio-Economic Impacts of Wildlife Crop-Raiding: An Assessment of the Efficacy of Conservation and Agricultural ... Introduction Method Conservation Intervention Tools Technical Conservation Interventions Economic Conservation Interventions Enforcement Conservation Interventions Stakeholder Conservation Interventions Private and Community Landowners’ Involvement in Conservation and Agricultural Land Uses Reconciliation Community-based Natural Resource Management CAMPFIRE Programme Namibia: a Model for CBNRM Contractual Parks in South Africa Private Conservancies and Nature Reserves Save Valley Conservancy NamibRand Nature Reserve Criticism of the Conservancy Approach Conclusions and Recommendations References 9 Protected Areas and Community-Based Tourism: The Effectiveness of Current Mitigation Techniques in Human Wildlife Conflicts Introduction Methods Factors Influencing the Choice of Human–wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategies Lethal Approaches to Mitigating Human–wildlife Conflicts Non-lethal Approaches to Mitigating Human–wildlife Conflicts Way Forward and Implications for Conservation Conclusion References Part III Managing the Wildlife Economy: Contemporary Issues in Southern Africa 10 Lifting of the Hunting Ban and the Elephant Debate in Botswana: Implications for Conservation and Development in ... Introduction The Social-Ecological Systems (SESs) Theoretical Framework Arguments for and Against Trophy Hunting Hunting Ban and Its Implications in Botswana Hunting and the Elephant Debate Trophy Hunting as a Land Use Tool Conclusion References 11 The Role of the Media and the International Community in Recent Conservation Issues in Southern Africa: The Case ... Introduction Why Cecil? Background The Media International Community Focusing Event Methods Discussion The Western Media Still Set the Dominant Narrative On Wildlife and Conservation Issues Social Media Have Narrowed the Media Asymmetry Between Africans and the World The West Is No Longer the Only ‘International Community’ in Conservation Issues in Southern Africa Policy Decoupling Between Poor Wildlife Exporting and Rich Wildlife Trophy Importing Countries Destroys Conservation Efforts Woke Corporations Are Now a Huge Factor in Conservation Issues Conclusion Notes References 12 Nature-Based Tourism Resources and Climate Change in Southern Africa: Implications for Conservation and Development ... Background and Introduction Research Approach Results and Discussion Climatic Patterns in Southern Africa Between 2010 and 2021 Impacts of Climate Change On Nature-Based Tourism in National Parks and Other Protected Areas in Southern Africa Conservation and Sustainability Thinking in Nature-Based Tourism Destinations Conclusion References 13 International Organisations and the Ivory Sales Ban Debate: The Case of Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana Introduction A Brief History of CITES: the ‘Magna Carta for Wildlife’ and the Reasons Behind the Global Ban On the Sale of Ivory CITES, Poaching and Elephant Surveys Conservation Through Ivory Sales? CITES Says ‘No’ Discussion and Conclusion Note References 14 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Nature-Based Tourism in Southern Africa Introduction Tourism in Africa Impacts of COVID-19 On Tourism Building Forward Better Economic Environmental Social Conclusion Note References Part IV Protected Areas and Tourism Practices: Policy and Practice 15 The Adoption of Community-Based Tourism in the Proximity of Protected Areas: Implications for Policy and Practice Introduction Progressive Realisation of PAs in Southern Africa Benefits of Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCA) Community-based Tourism (CBT) and Protected Areas: a Coalescence Discussion Conclusion References 16 Militarisation of Conservation and ‘Shoot to Kill’ Policies: An Analysis of the Rights of African States to Protect ... Introduction Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources and Its Relationship to Wildlife Conservation The Law of Targeted Killings at International Law and the Conservation of African Wildlife International Legal Principles Governing Targeted Killing National Parks and Other Protected Areas as the Battlegrounds Conclusion References 17 Implications of the ‘high-Value, Low-Volume’ Approach in Conservation and Tourism Resources Management Introduction High-value, Low-Volume (HVLV) Policy Strategy and Sustainable Tourism Development Community Development, Livelihoods Improvement and Conservation Contribution to the Emergence of Enclave Tourism Development Stifling and Limiting Effects On the Domestic Market Minimal Local Participation and Decision-Making Powers Discussions Conclusion and Way Forward References 18 Promotion of Pro-Poor Tourism in Southern Africa: Conservation and Development Critical Issues Introduction Pro-poor Tourism, Conservation and Development in Southern Africa Indigenous Knowledge Systems Community Participation Community Empowerment Challenges Facing Pro-Poor Tourism, Pro-Poor Conservation and Community Development in Southern Africa Conflict of Interest Skills Finance Elite Domination Access to Information Human Wildlife-Conflict (HWC) The Way Forward References 19 Contrasting Safari and Bushmeat Hunting in Southern Africa: Conservation and Development Issues Introduction The Costs and Benefits of Safari Hunting Safari Hunting in Namibia The Costs and Benefits of Bushmeat Hunting Bushmeat Hunting in Malawi The Intersection of Bushmeat and Safari Hunting Local Agency and Ownership in the Hunting Debate Conclusion References Part V Conclusion 20 A Synthesis of Protected Areas and Tourism Contributions to Conservation and Community Livelihoods Goals in ... Introduction Protected Areas, Tourism and Livelihoods: Emerging Issues Theory and Practice Policy Instruments Institutions Diverse Stakeholders Is the Future Gloomy? References Index Protected Areas and tourism dynamics in southern Africa: An overview / MOREN T. STONE, LESEGO S. STONE, GOEMEONE E. J. MOGOMOTSI AND PATRICIA K. MOGOMOTSI -- Protected Areas and Tourism Development: A Historical Analysis of the Southern African Experience / BOGA MANATSHA AND BONGANI GLORIOUS GUMBO -- Community perceptions of protected areas and tourism amidst poverty: Experiences from Southern Africa / HERBERT NTULI AND EDWIN MUCHAPONDWA -- Ecotourism as a paradigm shift in conservation and community livelihoods in the Southern African region: Opportunities, challenges and lessons learnt / SAID JUMA SULUO AND WINEASTER ANDERSON -- Tolerance for Wildlife Resources through Community Wildlife-Based Tourism: Implications for Sustainability / CHIEDZA NGONIDZASHE MUTANGA -- Landscape governance in sub-Saharan Africa / RENE VAN DER DUIM AND ARJAAN PELLIS -- In the Way of Wildlife: Contestations between Indigenous Peoples' Livelihood and Conservation / ONTHATILE OLERILE MOETI -- The socio-economic impacts of wildlife crop-raiding: An assessment of the efficacy of conservation and agricultural land uses reconciliation / EMMANUEL MWAKIWA -- Protected areas and community-based tourism: the effectiveness of current mitigation techniques in human wildlife conflicts / PATRICIA KEFILWE MOGOMOTSI -- Lifting of the hunting ban and the elephant debate in Botswana: Implications for conservation and development in southern Africa / JOSEPH ELIZERI MBAIWA AND EMMANUEL MOGENDE -- The role of the media and the international community in recent conservation issues in southern Africa: The case of Cecil the lion / GARIKAI CHIMUKA -- Nature-based tourism resources and climate change in southern Africa: -- Implications for conservation and development sustainability / KAITANO DUBE -- International organisations and the ivory sales ban debate: The case of Zimbabwe,Namibia and Botswana / CAROLINE COX -- The COVID-19 Pandemic and nature-based tourism in southern Africa / SUSAN SNYMAN -- The adoption of community-based tourism in the proximity of Protected Areas: Implications for policy and practice./ OLIVER MTAPURI -- Militarization of conservation and "shoot to kill" policies: An analysis of policy instruments on the environment and conservation in southern Africa / GOEMEONE, E.J MOGOMOTSI AND PATRICIA KEFILWE MOGOMOTSI -- Implications of the "High-value, Low-Volume" approach in conservation and tourism resources management / LESEGO, SENYANA STONE AND MOREN TIBABO STONE -- Promotion of pro-poor tourism in southern Africa: conservation and development critical issues / OWEN GOHORI, PEET VAN DER MERWE AND ANDREA SAAYMAN -- Contrasting safari and bushmeat hunting in southern Africa: Conservation and development issues / JULIA LAURA VAN VELDEN -- A synthesis of protected areas and tourism contributions to conservation and community livelihoods goals in southern Africa: A conclusion / MOREN TIBABO STONE, LESEGO SENYANA STONE, PATRICIA KEFILWE MOGOMOTSI, GOEMEONE EJ MOGOMOTSI "This volume discusses the complex relationship between Protected Areas and tourism and their impact on community livelihoods in a range of countries in Southern Africa. Protected Areas and tourism have an enduring and symbiotic relationship. While Protected Areas offer a desirable setting for tourism products, tourism provides revenue that can contribute to conservation efforts. This can bring benefits to local communities, but it can also have a negative impact, with the establishment of Protected Areas leading to the eviction of local communities from their original places of residence, while also preventing them from accessing the natural resources they once enjoyed. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, this book addresses the opportunities and challenges faced by communities and other stakeholders as they endeavor to achieve their conservation goals and work towards improving community livelihoods. Case studies from Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe address key issues such as human-wildlife conflicts, ecotourism, wildlife-based tourism, landscape governance, wildlife crop-raiding and trophy hunting, including the high-profile case of Cecil the lion. Chapters highlight both the achievements and positive outcomes of Protected Areas, but also the challenges faced and how this is impacting how Protected Areas are viewed and also conservation priorities more generally. The volume gives these issues affecting Protected Areas, local communities, managers and international conservation efforts center stage in order inform policy and improve practice going forward. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of conservation, natural resource management, tourism, sustainable development and African studies, as well as professionals and policymakers involved in conservation policy"-- Provided by publisher