Prophetic Polyphony: Allusion Criticism of ISA 41,8-16.17-20; 43,1-7; 44,1-5 in a Dialogical Approach (Forschungen Zum Alten Testament, 2. Reihe)

Uniting the study of allusion with that of literary form in a prophetic book, Peter A. Heasley treats three passages long compared in form criticism and overlooked in allusion studies: Isa 41,8-16.17-20, 43,1-7, and 44,1-5. Through the specific method of allusion criticism that he develops, he demonstrates how the author of these Salvation Oracles composes them using the stylistic patterns of the very passages to which they allude. This helps identify many new inner-biblical allusions, especially to the Psalms of Lament, Psalms of Praise, and Historical Hymns. The author brings these exegetical findings into an interpretative approach to form adapted from Bakhtinian dialogism, especially in its distinction between compositional form and architectonic form. Cover Titel Preface Table of Contents Abbreviations Tables Introduction 1. Authorial Intention of the Salvation Oracles and the Formation of the Reader 2. The Status Quaestionis of Form Criticism and Allusion Studies of the Salvation Oracles 3. Method and Approach to the Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44 4. The Contributions of This Study to Biblical Theology and Its Outline 5. The Delimitation of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44 Part I: Elusive Form and Allusive Form Chapter I: A Dialogical Approach to Form 1. A Survey of Form Criticism of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44 1.1 Prophecy as Response to the Psalms of Lament 1.1.1 Literary Imitations of a Cultic Form in Begrich 1.1.2 Orality and Fixity of Form in Von Waldow 1.1.3 Literary Originality in Muilenburg 1.1.4 Literary Schematization in Westermann 1.2 Prophecy as Personal Response to Exile 1.2.1 Verbal Aspect Reflecting Divine Operation in Stuhlmueller 1.2.2 Literary Reflection in Schoors, Melugin, and Schüpphaus 1.2.3 Forms of Prophetic Speech in Dion, Graf Reventlow, and Raitt 1.3 Prophecy as Tradition in the War Oracle 1.3.1 Traditions of War Oracles in Merendino and Conrad 1.3.2 Prophetic Schools in Preuß, Schmitt, and Vincent 1.3.3 Formulas in Near Eastern Traditions in Harner, Dijkstra, Weippert, and Nissinen 1.4 Conclusions 2. An Introduction to Bakhtinian Dialogism 3. A Dialogism for Allusion Criticism of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44 3.1 The Written Word as a Speech Act 3.1.1 The Biblical Passage as an Utterance 3.1.2 The Salvation Oracles as Voices within the Book 3.2 The Author as Prophetic Event 3.2.1 The Prophet as Bearer of God’s Word 3.2.2 Historical Situations and “great time” 3.2.3 Redactional Unity within the Author-Event 3.3 Compositional Form as Ordered to Architectonic Form 3.3.1 Literary Criteria for Determining Compositional Form 3.3.2 Form-Critical Designations for Architectonic Elements 3.4 Genre as Providing Architectonic Value to the Composition 3.4.1 Chronotope as Constitutive of Genre 3.4.2 Persons as Elements of Genre 4. Conclusions Chapter II: A Method for Allusion Criticism 1. Principles of Allusion Criticism 1.1 Relating Author and Reader in Allusion Criticism 1.1.1 Allusion Criticism and Intertextuality 1.1.2 Authorial Intention in Allusion 1.1.3 Readerly Procedure in Allusion 1.2 Considering Genre in Allusion Criticism 1.2.1 Genre in Second Isaiah Allusion Studies 1.2.2 Genre and Authorial Intention 1.2.3 Transformation of Genre for the Reader 1.3 Evaluating Evidence for Allusions 1.3.1 Inductive Reasoning through “Cumulative” Evidence 1.3.2 Contexts for Evidence of Allusion 1.3.3 Literary and Grammatical Markers of Allusion 2. Patterns of Literary Allusion 2.1 Eliminating Functional Definitions of Allusion 2.1.1 Authorial Reinterpretation 2.1.2 Readerly Echoes 2.1.3 Conclusions 2.2 Categorizing Compositional Patterns of Allusion 2.2.1 Group 1: Quotation 2.2.2 Group 2: Allusion 2.2.3 Group 3: Theme and Typology 2.2.4 Group 4: Heteroglossia 2.3 Establishing Typographical Conventions for Allusion Criticism 3. Procedures for Exegesis and Interpretation 4. Conclusions Part II: Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44. Allusion, Genre, and Compositional Form Chapter III: Isa 41,8–16.17–20. The Chosen and Lamentable Servant 1. Delimiting, Stabilizing the Text, and Translating the Utterance 1.1 Delimitation 1.2 Text-Critical Problems 1.3 Translation 2. Identifying Allusions in Their Compositional Form 2.1 Possible Allusions, Their Form, and Their Dating 2.1.1 Group 1: Quotation 2.1.2 Group 2: Allusion 2.1.3 Group 3: Theme and Typology 2.1.4 Group 4: Heteroglossia 2.2 Allusions in Composition 2.2.1 Isa 41,8.9b//Deuteronomistic Election 2.2.2 Isa 41,9–10//Josh 1,9 2.2.3 Isa 41,8–10 as an Allusive Unit 2.2.4 Isa 41,11–12//Ps 35,1.4–6 2.2.5 Isa 41,13//Ps 35,2 2.2.6 Isa 41,14–16//Ps 22,4–9 and Ps 35,5.9 2.2.7 Isa 41,17–20//Ps 22,2–3.32 and Pentateuchal-Historical Themes 2.3 Allusive units of Isa 41,8–16.17–20 in composition 2.3.1 Formal Composition through Allusion 2.3.2 Verbal Form in the Composition of Isa 41,8–16.17–20 2.3.3 Heteroglossia. The Language of the Priestly Prophets 3. Approaching Architectonic Form and Interpretation 3.1 Genres of the Alluded Utterances 3.1.1 Patriarchal, Legislative, and Historical Narratives 3.1.2 The Psalms of Lament 3.2 Transformation of Genre 3.2.1 The Voices of God, Moses, Joshua, and Israel in Isa 41,8–10 3.2.2 The Voices of God, Lamenter, and Enemy from Ps 35 in Isa 41,11–12.13 3.2.3 The Voices of God, Lamenter, and Enemy from Ps 22 in Isa 41,14–16 3.2.4 The Voices of God and Friend from Ps 22 in Isa 41,17–20 3.3 Compositional Form of the Utterance with Architectonic Elements 3.4 Chronotope 4. Contextualizing Isa 41,8–16.17–20 within Isa 41,1–29 4.1 A Salvation Oracle between Two Trial Speeches 4.2 Identifying the Voices within from Without 4.3 Conclusions for Interpretation 5. Conclusions Chapter IV: Isa 43,1–7. The Forgiven and Precious Servant of God, the King 1. Delimiting, Stabilizing the Text, and Translating the Utterance 1.1 Delimitation of the Utterance 1.2 Text-Critical Problems 1.3 Translation 2. Identifying Allusions in their Compositional Form 2.1 Possible Allusions, Their Form, and Their Dating 2.1.1 Group 1: Quotation 2.1.2 Group 2: Allusion 2.1.3 Group 3: Theme and Typology 2.1.4 Group 4: Heteroglossia 2.1.5 Conclusions 2.2 Allusions in Composition 2.2.1 Isa 43,1.7//Amos 4,12–13 2.2.2 Isa 43,2//Ps 66,6.12 and Num 31,23 2.2.3 Isa 43,3b–4b//Ps 47,4–5 and Exod 21,23b–25; Lev 24,18.20 2.2.4 Isa 43,5b–6b//Ps 103,12–13 and Deut 3,27; 28,49 2.3 Allusive Units of Isa 43,1–7 in composition 2.3.1 Formulas as Compositional Devices 2.3.2 Overall Composition of Isa 43,1–7 3. Approaching Architectonic Form and Interpretation 3.1 Genre-Typical Vocabulary and Royal Heteroglossia 3.1.1 The Vocabulary of the Psalms of Praise 3.1.2 Other Royal Words in Isa 43,1-7: לאג, עשדמ, זעבדק֬ 3.1.3 Conclusions 3.2 Transformation of Genre 3.2.1 The Voice of God the Unique Creator in Isa 43,1.7//Amos 4,12–13 3.2.2 The Voice of God, the Warrior King in Isa 43,2//Ps 66,6.12 and Num 31,23 3.2.3 The Voice of God as Loving King in Isa 43,3b–4b//Ps 47,4–5 and Exod 21,22–25; Lev 24,17–22 3.2.4 The Voice of God as Forgiving King, and of Moses, in Isa 43,5b–6b// Ps 103,12–13 and Deut 3,27 3.3 Compositional Form of the Utterance with Architectonic Elements 3.4 Chronotope 4. Contextualizing Isa 43,1–7 within Isa 42,18–43,13 4.1 The Servant and His Sin in Isa 42,18–25 and 43,8–13 4.1.1 The Servant-Messenger and His Sin in Isa 42,18–25 4.1.2 The Servant-Witness and the Idolatrous Nations in Isa 43,8–13 4.2 The Voice of the Creator-Savior Transforming the Servant 5. Conclusions Chapter V: Isa 44,1–5. The Restored Servant and His Friends 1. Delimiting, Stabilizing the Text, and Translating the Utterance 1.1 Delimitation 1.2 Text-Critical Problems 1.3 Translation 2. Identifying Allusions in Their Compositional Form 2.1 Possible Allusions, Their Form, and Their Dating 2.1.1 Group 1: Quotation 2.1.2 Group 2: Allusion 2.1.3 Group 3: Theme and Typology 2.1.4 Group 4: Heteroglossia 2.2 Allusions in Composition 2.2.1 Isa 44,1–2//Ps 78,68–70 2.2.2 Isa 44,2a//Ps 22,10–12 and Jer 1,5 2.2.3 Isa 44,2b.8b//Deut 32,15 2.2.4 Isa 44,3//Exod 15,8.19b 2.2.5 Isa 44,4//Ps 104,14 2.2.6 Isa 44,5//Ps 104,25–26 2.3 Allusive Units of Isa 44,1–5 in Composition 2.3.1 Allusion in an Anaphoric/Epiphoric Structure 2.3.2 Verbal Composition 3. Approaching Architectonic Form and Interpretation 3.1 Genres of the Alluded Utterances 3.1.1 Dialogue between the Historical Hymns 3.1.2 Double-Valued Words Providing Architectonic Form 3.1.3 Double-Valued Words for God, Man, and Their Relationship 3.1.4 Summary 3.2 Transformation of Genre 3.2.1 Isa 44,1–2//Ps 78,68–72 and Ps 22,10–12 as an Address of Assurance 3.2.2 Isa 44,3–4//Exod 15,8.19b and 104,14a as a Consequence 3.2.3 Isa 44,5//Ps 104,25–26 as a Purpose 3.3 Compositional Form of the Utterance with Architectonic Elements 3.4 Chronotope 4. Isa 44,1–5 in Its Literary Context 4.1 Isa 43,22–28 and the Service of the Servant 4.2 Isa 44,6–8 and the Witness of Jacob-Israel to the Uniqueness of God 5. Conclusions Part III: Salvation Oracles of Isa 41–44 in Isa 1–66 and Beyond. Author and Reader in Architectonic Form Chapter VI: The Voice of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 1–66 1. Progression of Form in the Salvation Oracles of Isa 41–44 1.1 The Form of Allusive-Architectonic Units 1.1.1 Stylistic Patterns of Allusion 1.1.2 Patterns of Architectonic Elements 1.2 Patterns of Genre in the Salvation Oracles and Isa 1–66 1.2.1 Generic Elements from the Alluded Utterances 1.2.2 Generic Elements from the Salvation Oracles 1.3 Architectonic Form and Aesthetic Seeing 2. Readers of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 34,1–63,6 2.1 God Reads the Servant into Existence in Isa 41,1–44,23 2.1.1 An Unnamed Servant in Isa 42,1–9 2.1.2 A New Imperative for the Servant in Isa 44,21–23 2.1.3 An Idealized Situation in Isa 41,1–44,23 2.2 God Reads Jacob-Israel into Service in Isa 44,24–48,22 2.2.1 The Servant before the Nations in Isa 44,24–45,25 2.2.2 Jacob-Israel before Babylon in Isa 46,1–48,22 2.2.3 The Servant before the Ideal and the Actual 2.3 Servant and Friend Read in Isa 49,1–54,17 2.3.1 The Voice of the Servant Emerges in Isa 49,1–6 2.3.2 The Voice of the Lamenter Emerges in Isa 49,7–50,3 2.3.3 The Voice of the Servant Reemerges in Isa 50,4–11 2.3.4 The Reader Emerges into Authorship in Isa 49,1–50,11 2.3.5 God Reads the Friend into Service in Isa 51,1–54,17 2.3.6 Zion-Jerusalem as “Value-Context” in Isa 49,1–54,17 2.4 A Prophet Reads amidst Edom-Bozrah in Isa 34,1–63,6 2.4.1 Literary Unity in Isa 34,1–35,10 and 63,1–6 2.4.2 Prophetic Unity of Servant and Friend in Isa 61,1–9 2.4.3 Generic unity through the Psalms of Lament 3. Conclusions in the Chronotope of Isa 1–66 3.1 The Servant as the Event of Salvation 3.2 Readers of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 1–33; 63–66 3.2.1 Value Contexts through Thematic Allusion 3.2.2 Anticipations of Salvation in Isa 1,1–33,24 3.2.3 Renewed Calls for Salvation in Isa 63,7–66,24 3.3 The Consummation of the Hero Chapter VII: A Theology of Prophetic Dialogism 1. Characteristics of Genre in the Salvation Oracles of Isa 41–44 1.1 Time of Salvation 1.1.1 The Address of Assurance and Immediate Salvation 1.1.2 The Consequence and Ongoing Salvation 1.1.3 Conclusions 1.2 Space of Salvation 1.2.1 The Reason and Gathering around the Divine King 1.2.2 Agents of Salvation in a Landscape of Metaphors 1.2.3 Conclusions 1.3 Knowledge of Salvation in the Purpose 1.4 Conclusions 2. Reading the Salvation Oracles into New Situations 2.1 Reading Salvation Back into the Psalter 2.1.1 Servants of the Eternal Covenant in Ps 105 2.1.2 Consequences for the Wise in Ps 107 2.1.3 An Eschatological Moment in Ps 149 2.1.4 Conclusions 2.2 Reading the Psalms into the War Oracle of 2 Chr 20,1–30 2.3 Reading the Prophetic Assembly into the Gospel: Lucan Canticles as a Consummation of the Salvation Oracles in Isa 41–44 2.3.1 Lucan Canticles as Allusive Compositions 2.3.2 The Compositional Form of the Lucan Canticles All Together 2.3.3 The Lucan Canticles as Prophetic Preparation for Jesus’ Self-Manifestation in Luke 1,5–4, 15 and Luke 4,16–30//Isa 61,1–2 2.4 Conclusions 3. Theological Dialogism: Fulfilling Prophecy through Reading 3.1 From Reading Salvation from Without to Reading it Within 3.2 From a Word to the Assembly to a Word from the Assembly 3.3 From Prophecy to Fulfillment in the Assembly Conclusion Bibliography Index of Biblical References Author Index Subject Index