Properties, Processing and Applications of Glass and Rare Earth-Doped Glasses for Optical Fibres. Vol. PM82

R & D on optical fibers is driven by the need for ever higher bandwidth transmission in telecommunications at lower cost. Some 60 experts from leading R&D groups around the world review silica, oxide, halide and chalcogenide glasses in a structured format, thereby creating an authoritative, encyclopaedic reference source for researchers and engineers. The book includes a historical overview by W. Alexander Gambling, FRS. Over 60 individually authored modules on the above-mentioned types of glass covering optical, thermal & mechanical properties, RE spectroscopy, optical fiber manufacture and applications in fiber amplifiers, fiber gratings, fiber lasers and optical switches. Front Matter 1 Introduction: a History of Glass for Optical Fibres 3 Contributing Authors 8 Abbreviations 12 Front Matter 14 Introduction: a History of Glass for Optical Fibres 16 Contributing Authors 21 Abbreviations 25 Table of Contents 27 Part A. Silica 30 A1. Optical Properties 30 A1.1 Transmission of Silica Glass 31 A1.2 Intrinsic Scattering Losses of Silica Glass 36 A1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Silica Glass 40 A1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Silica Fibres 45 A2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties 50 A2.1 Viscosity of Silica Glass 51 A2.2 Elastic Moduli of Silica Glass 55 A2.3 Stability of Silica Glass 61 A3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy 66 A3.1 Spectroscopy of Erbium-Doped Silica 67 A3.2 Spectroscopy of Neodymium-Doped Silica 72 A4. Optical Fibre Manufacture 76 A4.1 Preparation and Preform Fabrication of Silica Optical Fibres 77 A4.2 Drawing of Silica Optical Fibres 84 A4.3 Loss of Silica Optical Fibres 87 A4.4 Reliability of Silica Optical Fibres 91 A5. Applications 95 A5.1 Fibre Amplifiers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Silica 96 A5.2 Fibre Gratings in Silica Optical Fibre 101 Part B. Oxide Glass 106 B1. Optical Properties 106 B1.1 Transmission of Oxide Glass 107 B1.2 Intrinsic Scattering Losses of Oxide Glass 112 B1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Oxide Glass 115 B1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Oxide Glass 119 Part B. Oxide Glass 124 B1. Optical Properties 124 B1.1 Transmission of Oxide Glass 125 B1.2 Intrinsic Scattering Losses of Oxide Glass 130 B1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Oxide Glass 133 B1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Oxide Glass 137 B2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties 142 B2.1 Mechanical Properties of Oxide Glass 143 B2.2 Viscosity of Oxide Glass 146 B2.3 Stability of Oxide Glass 150 B3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy 153 B3.1 Spectroscopy of Neodymium-Doped Oxide Glass 154 B3.2 Spectroscopy of Erbium-Doped Oxide Glass 161 B4. Optical Fibre Manufacture 166 B4.1 Preparation and Melting of Oxide Glass 167 B4.2 Drawing of Oxide Glass Optical Fibres 172 B4.3 Loss of Oxide Glass Optical Fibres 176 B5. Selected Applications 180 B5.1 Fibre Lasers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Oxide Glass 181 B5.2 Optical Fibre Amplifier Based on Rare Earth-Doped Oxide Glass 188 Part C. Halide Glass 191 C1. Optical Properties 191 C1.1 Transmission of Halide Glass 192 C1.2 Intrinsic Scattering Losses of Halide Glass 201 C1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Halide Glass 207 C1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Halide Glass 211 Part C. Halide Glass 217 C1. Optical Properties 217 C1.1 Transmission of Halide Glass 218 C1.2 Intrinsic Scattering Losses of Halide Glass 227 C1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Halide Glass 233 C1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Halide Glass 237 C2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties 243 C2.1 Characteristic Temperatures of Halide Glass 244 C2.2 Viscosity of Halide Glass 249 C2.3 Elastic Moduli of Halide Glass 257 C2.4 Stability of Halide Glass 261 C3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy 266 C3.1 Spectroscopy of Praseodymium-Doped Fluoride Glass 267 C3.2 Spectroscopy of Erbium-Doped Halide Glass 272 C3.3 Spectroscopy of Holmium-Doped Halide Glass 278 C3.4 Spectroscopy of Thulium-Doped Halide Glass 290 C3.5 Spectroscopy of Neodymium-Doped Halide Glass 295 C4. Optical Fibre Manufacture 300 C4.1 Preparation and Melting of Halide Glass 301 C4.2 Drawing of Halide Glass Optical Fibres 305 C4.3 Loss of Halide Glass Optical Fibres 312 C4.4 Reliability of Halide Glass Optical Fibres 317 C5. Selected Applications 321 C5.1 Optical Amplifiers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Halide Glass 322 C5.2 Fibre Lasers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Halide Glass 326 Part D. Chalcogenide Glass 331 D1. Optical Properties 331 D1.1 Transmission of Chalcogenide Glass 332 D1.2 Intrinsic Scattering in Chalcogenide Glass 338 D1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Chalcogenide Glass 343 D1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Chalcogenide Glass 347 Part D. Chalcogenide Glass 352 D1. Optical Properties 352 D1.1 Transmission of Chalcogenide Glass 353 D1.2 Intrinsic Scattering in Chalcogenide Glass 359 D1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion of Chalcogenide Glass 364 D1.4 Non-Linear Refractive Index of Chalcogenide Glass 368 D2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties 373 D2.1 Characteristic Temperatures of Chalcogenide Glass 374 D2.2 Viscosity of Chalcogenide Glass 378 D3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy 382 D3.1 Spectroscopy of Praseodymium-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 383 D3.2 Spectroscopy of Neodymium-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 388 D3.3 Spectroscopy of Thulium/Holmium-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 394 D3.4 Spectroscopy of Dysprosium-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 398 D4. Optical Fibre Manufacture 402 D4.1 Preparation and Melting of Chalcogenide Glass 403 D4.2 Purification of Chalcogenide Glass 406 D4.3 Drawing of Chalcogenide Glass Optical Fibres 410 D4.4 Loss of Chalcogenide Glass Optical Fibres 414 D5. Selected Applications 418 D5.1 Fibre Amplifiers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 419 D5.2 Fibre Lasers Based on Rare Earth-Doped Chalcogenide Glass 422 D5.3 Optical Switches Based on Chalcogenide Glass 426 Index 431 A 431 B 431 C 432 D 434 E 435 F 436 G 439 H 439 I 441 J 442 K 442 L 442 M 443 N 444 O 445 P 447 Q 449 R 449 S 451 T 453 U 455 V 455 W 455 Y 456 Z 456 Content: • Front Matter Introduction: A History of Glass for Optical Fibres • Table of Contents • Interactive Graphs Table (137) •Part A. Silica A1. Optical Properties A2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties A3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy A4. Optical Fibre Manufacture A5. Applications •Part B. Oxide Glass B1. Optical Properties B2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties B3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy B4. Optical Fibre Manufacture B5. Selected Applications •Part C. Halide Glass C1. Optical Properties C2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties C3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy C4. Optical Fibre Manufacture C5. Selected Applications •Part D. Chalcogenide Glass D1. Optical Properties D2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties D3. Rare-Earth Spectroscopy D4. Optical Fibre Manufacture D5. Selected Applications • Index