Projects in linguistics: a practical guide to researching language = Yu yan xue ke ti: yu yan yan jiu shi yong zhi nan

'Projects in Linguistics is a unique and essential guide for anyone doing a research project in language and linguistics. With orientation overviews of the main areas of enquiry typically targeted by students, it offers practical help in identifying a topic, finding background reading, planning and designing a study, collecting and analysing data, and writing a convincing account. With over 300 practical ideas for projects that can be used directly or adapted to suit different contexts and interests, and with chapters on how to reference and how to avoid plagiarism, Projects in Linguistics belongs on the bookshelf of every student studying language and linguistics. Aimed at undergraduates, it will also be invaluable to both pre-university and postgraduate students.' 封面页......Page 1 书名页......Page 2 版权页......Page 3 前言页......Page 4 目录页......Page 32 Being streetwise:keeping on the right side of your assessor......Page 52 王宗炎序......Page 53 Preface by Chomsky......Page 56 沈家煊序......Page 63 导读......Page 66 Language and thought......Page 74 Approaches to research......Page 77 Choosing an area......Page 39 Getting organized......Page 41 Using resources......Page 43 Being a researcher......Page 45 Setting up data-based research......Page 47 2 Psycholinguistics......Page 57 Textbooks and major journals......Page 58 Central themes and project ideas......Page 59 Modularity......Page 60 Themes in comprehension......Page 62 Themes in production......Page 68 Textbooks and major journals......Page 78 Things to think about......Page 80 Longitudinal case studies......Page 82 Pre-linguistic development......Page 83 Over-and under-extension:lexical and semantic development......Page 84 Development of phonology and intonation......Page 85 Children s metalinguistic awareness......Page 86 Colour terms......Page 87 Carer language(or’child-directed speech )......Page 88 Conversational development......Page 89 Literacy development......Page 90 4 Conversation analysis......Page 92 Textbooks......Page 93 Central themes and project ideas......Page 95 Scripted versus non-scripted conversation......Page 96 The development of children s conversational skills......Page 97 Conversation and gender......Page 98 Language,power and hierarchy......Page 99 Terminology......Page 101 Textbooks and major journals......Page 103 Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition......Page 104 Language-learning targets......Page 105 Grammar-based and communication-based teaching......Page 106 Different concepts expressed in different languages......Page 108 Interlanguage,error analysis and contrastive analysis......Page 109 Language assessment and testing......Page 110 Bilinguals,multilinguals and polyglots......Page 111 Foreign language teaching policy......Page 112 Role of the social and political status of English as L2......Page 114 6 Style in texts......Page 116 Textbooks and major journals......Page 117 Interpersonal function......Page 118 Sound patterns......Page 120 Lexical choice......Page 121 Grammatical structure......Page 123 Ideology and power......Page 124 7 Sociolinguistics......Page 126 Terminology and central concepts......Page 127 Textbooks and major journals......Page 128 Central themes and project ideas......Page 129 Types and causes of variation......Page 130 Quantitative approaches......Page 131 Social networks......Page 132 Qualitative approaches......Page 133 8 Accents and dialects of English......Page 137 Textbooks......Page 138 Other resources......Page 139 Which accent/dialect to choose......Page 140 What to look for in a dialect......Page 141 Comparing the speech of three generations......Page 144 Explaining why a variety has come about......Page 145 The political dimension of a variety......Page 146 Update study......Page 147 Comparison of two varieties......Page 148 Things to think about......Page 149 9 Structure and meaning......Page 150 Textbooks and major journals......Page 151 Pragmatics......Page 153 Metaphor......Page 155 Sentence structure......Page 156 Lexicon and collocation......Page 157 Morphology and etymology......Page 160 ‘Correct’grammar......Page 162 10 Historical linguistics......Page 165 Textbooks,reference sources and major journals......Page 166 Researching words......Page 169 Pronunciation and spelling......Page 172 The profile of a feature of English across time......Page 173 English as a world language......Page 174 Things to think about......Page 175 11 Language and gender......Page 177 Textbooks......Page 178 Central themes and project ideas......Page 180 Attitudes towards male and female language......Page 181 Male-female differences in accent and dialect......Page 182 Differences in conversation and style of language use......Page 183 Explanations of difference......Page 185 Language and sexism......Page 186 Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition......Page 187 Language,gender and education......Page 188 Places to get data......Page 191 Practicalities......Page 192 Things to think about......Page 193 How much data do you need?......Page 194 Eliciting data from informants......Page 195 13 Experiments......Page 196 What does experimentation involve?......Page 197 Disadvantages of experimental research......Page 198 Designing an experiment......Page 199 Things to think about......Page 201 Practice and fatigue effects......Page 202 Emergencies......Page 203 What research areas can a questionnaire be used for?......Page 205 Subjects......Page 206 Presenting a questionnaire......Page 207 Designing a questionnaire......Page 209 Types of data......Page 211 Specific techniques......Page 215 Things to think about......Page 216 Written questionnaires......Page 217 Spoken questionnaires......Page 218 General procedures......Page 220 Asking for intuitions......Page 221 Gathering general data for later analysis......Page 223 Observation studies......Page 224 Disadvantages......Page 225 Things to think about......Page 226 Case studies......Page 227 Disadvantages......Page 228 Dealing with the results......Page 229 The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription......Page 233 A few notes on phonemes......Page 235 Hints on writing about pronunciation......Page 236 Checklist of phonemes......Page 237 Basics......Page 239 Dealing with silence......Page 240 Dealing with complexity......Page 242 Dealing with obscurity and unusual pronunciations......Page 243 Use of conventional punctuation......Page 245 Dealing with pitch,emphasis,speed and volume......Page 246 Layout problems......Page 248 Other problems......Page 249 Why you might want to study texts using a computer......Page 251 Corpora and other texts of English available for academic use......Page 252 Types of corpus annotation......Page 254 Linguistic analyses that can be done using computers and how to do them......Page 255 Programs that are available for text analysis......Page 258 Other applications of computers in relation to texts......Page 259 Textbooks......Page 260 What is the Data Protection Act?......Page 262 Registration......Page 264 Important note......Page 265 Basics......Page 266 The Harvard system......Page 270 The Humane system......Page 276 What is plagiarism?......Page 279 An exercise in using published sources,creating a sophisticated account,and avoiding plagiarism......Page 280 Why use statistics?......Page 293 What can statistics do?......Page 294 Statistics and hypotheses......Page 296 Choosing statistical tests......Page 298 Textbooks......Page 300 Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics......Page 301 What are abstracting journals?......Page 303 What to do......Page 304 Before you write......Page 306 As you are writing......Page 307 The uses of apostrophes......Page 309 Using punctuation......Page 310 Other common problems......Page 311 References......Page 312 Index......Page 331 文库索引......Page 342 附录页......Page 0 'Projects in Linguistics' has been designed to assist students undertaking a piece of independent research for the first time. It introduces the most commonly used tools and techniques, and offers practical advice on how to research a topic