Projects in linguistics: a practical guide to researching language = Yu yan xue ke ti: yu yan yan jiu shi yong zhi nan

'Projects in Linguistics is a unique and essential guide for anyone doing a research project in language and linguistics. With orientation overviews of the main areas of enquiry typically targeted by students, it offers practical help in identifying a topic, finding background reading, planning and designing a study, collecting and analysing data, and writing a convincing account. With over 300 practical ideas for projects that can be used directly or adapted to suit different contexts and interests, and with chapters on how to reference and how to avoid plagiarism, Projects in Linguistics belongs on the bookshelf of every student studying language and linguistics. Aimed at undergraduates, it will also be invaluable to both pre-university and postgraduate students.' Cover......Page 1 Book title......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 What the book does......Page 12 The second edition......Page 13 Acknowledgments......Page 14 International Phonetic Alphabet......Page 15 Choosing an area......Page 16 Getting organized......Page 18 Using resources......Page 20 Being a researcher......Page 22 Setting up data-based research......Page 25 Being streetwise: keeping on the right side of your assessor......Page 29 PART I: AREAS OF STUDY AND PROJECT IDEAS......Page 30 Textbooks and major journals......Page 32 Central themes and project ideas......Page 33 Approaches to research......Page 45 Textbooks and major journals......Page 46 Accessing children......Page 47 Working with children......Page 48 Central themes and project ideas......Page 49 Terminology......Page 60 Textbooks and major journals......Page 61 Things to think about......Page 62 Central themes and project ideas......Page 63 Textbooks and major journals......Page 75 Central themes and project ideas......Page 76 6 Style in spoken and written texts......Page 90 Textbooks and major journals......Page 91 Central themes and project ideas......Page 92 7 Sociolinguistics......Page 107 Terminology and central concepts......Page 108 Textbooks and major journals......Page 109 Central themes and project ideas......Page 110 Terminology......Page 117 Central themes and project ideas......Page 118 9 Accents and dialects of English......Page 128 Textbooks, reference sources and major journals......Page 129 Obtaining data......Page 131 What to look for in a dialect......Page 132 Possible angles and project ideas......Page 134 Things to think about......Page 140 10 History of English......Page 141 Textbooks, reference sources and major journals......Page 142 Central themes and project ideas......Page 143 Things to think about......Page 150 PART II: TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA......Page 152 Ethics and legality......Page 154 How much data do you need?......Page 155 Practicalities......Page 156 Things to think about......Page 157 What does experimentation involve?......Page 159 Designing an experiment......Page 161 Things to think about......Page 163 Disadvantages of experimental research......Page 165 Deciding if you need a questionnaire, interview or focus group......Page 167 Subjects......Page 168 Limitations of self-report......Page 169 Ways of getting information......Page 170 Questionnaires......Page 173 Interviews......Page 177 Focus groups......Page 180 Observation studies......Page 183 Case studies......Page 185 Ethics policies and guidelines......Page 188 The difference between confidentiality and anonymity......Page 189 Data Protection Laws......Page 190 PART III: TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND PROJECT WRITING......Page 192 The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription......Page 194 A few notes on phonemes......Page 195 Phonetic and phonemic symbols in word processing......Page 196 Hints on writing about pronunciation......Page 197 Checklist of phonemes......Page 198 How to organize the presentation of a transcription......Page 200 Turn taking......Page 202 Silence and non-verbal communication in conversation......Page 203 Dealing with unusual pronunciations......Page 204 Transcribing unclear utterances......Page 205 Marking pitch, emphasis, volume and speed......Page 206 External events......Page 208 Presenting the transcription......Page 209 Presenting the audio data......Page 210 Why is a corpus useful?......Page 211 How do corpus searches operate?......Page 212 How do you find a corpus?......Page 215 Making sense of corpus annotation......Page 217 Compiling your own corpus: potential problems......Page 218 Further reading......Page 219 Do you need graphs and calculations in your project?......Page 220 Descriptive statistics and basic calculations......Page 221 Using statistical analyses......Page 228 Textbooks......Page 232 Help for the mathematically insecure......Page 233 Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics......Page 234 Basics......Page 236 The Harvard system......Page 240 The Humane system......Page 249 What is plagiarism?......Page 252 How to avoid accidental plagiarism: some strategies......Page 253 Before you start to write......Page 267 As you are writing......Page 268 After you have written......Page 269 Using punctuation......Page 270 Other common problems......Page 271 References......Page 273 A......Page 292 C......Page 293 D......Page 294 E......Page 295 G......Page 296 J......Page 297 M......Page 298 N......Page 299 P......Page 300 R......Page 301 S......Page 302 T......Page 304 Y......Page 305 'Projects in Linguistics' has been designed to assist students undertaking a piece of independent research for the first time. It introduces the most commonly used tools and techniques, and offers practical advice on how to research a topic