Programming in C, 3/e, 3rd Edition

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgements......Page 15 About the Author......Page 16 1 Basics and Introduction to C......Page 18 1.2 Basics of a Computer......Page 19 1.3 Latest Computers......Page 21 1.4 Introduction to C......Page 22 1.6 Machine, Assembly and High-Level Language......Page 23 1.7 Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter......Page 24 1.8 Structure of a C Program......Page 26 1.10 Executing the C Program......Page 28 1.12 The First C Program......Page 32 1.14 Header Files......Page 33 1.15 Algorithm......Page 34 1.15.1 Program Design......Page 36 1.16 Classification of Algorithms......Page 37 1.17 Flowcharts......Page 38 1.18 Pseudocode......Page 42 Exercises......Page 44 2 The C Declarations......Page 48 2.2 The C Character Set......Page 49 2.3 Delimiters......Page 50 2.6 Identifiers......Page 51 2.7 Constants......Page 52 2.7.1 Numerical Constants......Page 53 2.7.2 Character Constant......Page 54 2.9 Rules for Defining Variables......Page 55 2.10 Data Types......Page 56 2.11 C Data Types......Page 57 2.12.1 Integer Representation......Page 59 2.13 Declaring Variables......Page 60 2.14 Initializing Variables......Page 61 2.16 Type Modifiers......Page 62 2.17 Type Conversion......Page 63 2.18 Wrapping Around......Page 65 2.19.2 Volatile Variable......Page 66 Summary......Page 67 Exercises......Page 68 3 Operators and Expressions......Page 74 3.2 Operator Precedence......Page 75 3.3 Associativity......Page 78 3.4 Comma and Conditional Operator......Page 79 3.5 Arithmetic Operators......Page 80 3.6 Relational Operators......Page 83 3.7 Assignment Operators and Expressions......Page 84 3.8 Logical Operators......Page 87 3.9 Bitwise Operators......Page 90 Exercises......Page 96 4 Input and Output in C......Page 100 4.1 Introduction......Page 101 4.2 Formatted Functions......Page 102 4.3 Flags, Widths and Precision with Format String......Page 104 4.4 Unformatted Functions......Page 115 4.5 Commonly Used Library Functions......Page 120 4.6 Strong Points for Understandability......Page 121 Exercises......Page 122 5 Decision Statements......Page 128 5.1 Introduction......Page 129 5.2 The if Statement......Page 130 5.3 The if–else Statement......Page 132 5.4 Nested if–else Statements......Page 136 5.5 The if-else-if Ladder Statement......Page 137 5.6 The break Statement......Page 145 5.8 The goto Statement......Page 146 5.9 The switch Statement......Page 148 5.10 Nested switch case......Page 160 5.11 The switch case and nested ifs......Page 162 Summary......Page 163 Exercises......Page 164 6 Loop Control......Page 170 6.1.1 What is a Loop?......Page 171 6.2 The for Loop......Page 172 6.3 Nested for Loops......Page 188 6.4 The while Loop......Page 210 6.5 The do-while Loop......Page 223 6.6 The while Loop within the do-while Loop......Page 228 Exercises......Page 229 7 Data Structure: Array......Page 236 7.2 Array Declaration......Page 237 7.3 Array Initialization......Page 238 7.4 Array Terminology......Page 239 7.5 Characteristics of an Array......Page 240 7.6 One-Dimensional Array......Page 242 7.7 One-Dimensional Array and Operations......Page 254 7.8 Operations with Arrays......Page 256 7.9 Predefined Streams......Page 262 7.10 Two-Dimensional Array and Operations......Page 267 7.10.1 Insert Operation with Two-Dimensional Array......Page 269 7.10.2 Delete Operation with Two-Dimensional Array......Page 271 7.11 Three- or Multi-Dimensional Arrays......Page 285 7.12 The sscanf() and sprintf() Functions......Page 290 Summary......Page 292 Exercises......Page 293 8 Strings and Standard Functions......Page 302 8.2 Declaration and Initialization of String......Page 303 8.3 Display of Strings with Different Formats......Page 305 8.4 String Standard Functions......Page 307 8.5 String Conversion Functions......Page 331 8.6 Memory Functions......Page 332 8.7 Applications of Strings......Page 334 Exercises......Page 344 9 Pointers......Page 352 9.1 Introduction......Page 353 9.3 Pointers and Address......Page 354 9.4 Pointer Declaration......Page 355 9.5 The Void Pointers......Page 361 9.6 Wild Pointers......Page 362 9.7 Constant Pointers......Page 363 9.8 Arithmetic Operations with Pointers......Page 364 9.9 Pointers and Arrays......Page 368 9.10 Pointers and Two-Dimensional Arrays......Page 373 9.11 Pointers and Multi-Dimensional Arrays......Page 374 9.12 Array of Pointers......Page 376 9.13 Pointers to Pointers......Page 378 9.14 Pointers and Strings......Page 380 Exercises......Page 387 10 Functions......Page 394 10.2.1 Why Use Functions?......Page 395 10.3 Function Definition......Page 396 10.4 The return Statement......Page 400 10.5 Types of Functions......Page 402 10.6 Call by Value and Reference......Page 409 10.7 Function Returning More Values......Page 411 10.8 Function as an Argument......Page 412 10.9 Function with Operators......Page 415 10.10 Function and Decision Statements......Page 422 10.11 Function and Loop Statements......Page 425 10.12 Functions with Arrays and Pointers......Page 428 10.13 Passing Array to a Function......Page 434 10.14 Nested Functions......Page 436 10.15 Recursion......Page 438 10.16 Types of Recursion......Page 440 10.17 Rules for Recursive Function......Page 441 10.18 Direct Recursion......Page 443 10.19 Indirect Recursion......Page 444 10.20 Recursion Versus Iterations......Page 446 10.21 The Towers of Hanoi......Page 448 10.22 Advantages and Disadvantages of Recursion......Page 451 10.23 Efficiency of Recursion......Page 452 10.24 Library Functions......Page 453 Exercises......Page 454 11 Storage Classes......Page 462 11.1.1 Lifetime of a Variable......Page 463 11.2 Automatic Variables......Page 464 11.3 External Variables......Page 466 11.4 Static Variables......Page 469 11.5 Static External Variables......Page 470 11.6 Register Variables......Page 471 Exercises......Page 472 12 Preprocessor Directives......Page 478 12.2 The #define Directive......Page 479 12.3 Undefining a Macro......Page 482 12.4 Token Pasting and Stringizing Operators......Page 483 12.5 The #include Directive......Page 484 12.6 Conditional Compilation......Page 485 12.7 The #ifndef Directive......Page 487 12.8 The #error Directive......Page 488 12.12 The #pragma Directive......Page 489 12.13 The Predefined Macros in ANSI and Turbo-C......Page 491 12.15 The Predefined Marcos in ctype.h......Page 494 12.16 Assertions......Page 496 Exercises......Page 497 13 Structure and Union......Page 506 13.2 Features of Structures......Page 507 13.3 Declaration and Initialization of Structures......Page 508 13.4 Structure within Structure......Page 512 13.5 Array of Structures......Page 514 13.6 Pointer to Structure......Page 517 13.7 Structure and Functions......Page 520 13.8 typedef......Page 522 13.9 Bit Fields......Page 526 13.10 Enumerated Data Type......Page 529 13.11 Union......Page 533 13.12 Calling BIOS and DOS Services......Page 534 Summary......Page 540 Exercises......Page 541 14 Files......Page 548 14.2 Definition of File......Page 549 14.3.1 File Types......Page 550 14.4 Steps for File Operations......Page 551 14.4.3 Closing a File......Page 552 14.4.4 Text Modes......Page 553 14.4.5 Binary Modes......Page 559 14.5 File I/O......Page 561 14.6 Structures Read and Write......Page 569 14.7 Other File Function......Page 574 14.8 Searching Errors in Reading/Writing Files......Page 577 14.9 Low-Level Disk I/O......Page 588 14.10 Command Line Arguments......Page 592 14.11 Application of Command Line Arguments......Page 593 14.12 Environment Variables......Page 595 14.13 I/O Redirection......Page 596 Exercises......Page 598 15 Graphics......Page 606 15.3 Few Graphics Functions......Page 607 15.4 Programs Using Library Functions......Page 609 15.4.1 Program on Moving Moon......Page 612 15.5 Working with Text......Page 614 15.5.1 Stylish Lines......Page 615 15.6 Filling Patterns with Different Colours and Styles......Page 616 15.7 Mouse Programming......Page 620 15.8 Drawing Non-common Figures......Page 623 Exercises......Page 624 16 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Linked List......Page 628 16.2 Memory Models......Page 629 16.3 Memory Allocation Functions......Page 630 16.5 Traversal of a List......Page 637 16.6 Searching and Retrieving an Element......Page 638 16.7 Predecessor and Successor......Page 639 16.8 Insertion......Page 640 16.9 Linked Lists......Page 642 16.10.1 Linked List with Header......Page 643 Summary......Page 652 Exercises......Page 653 American Standard Code for Information Interchange......Page 657 Priority of Operators and Their Clubbing......Page 665 Header Files and Standard Library Functions......Page 667 ROM-BIOS Services......Page 671 Scan Codes of Keyboard Keys......Page 673 Index......Page 676 Back Cover......Page 689 C is one of the most popular programming languages. It runs on most software platforms and computer architecture. This revised edition of our best-selling text Programming in C not only maintains the exclusivity of previous editions but also enhances it with the addition of new programs and illustrations. Challenging concepts are supported with numerous solved and unsolved programs. The new chapter on computer graphics ensures that this book comprehensively covers the syllabi of most universities. The book also uses the Turbo C compiler, which is the most widely used C compiler. With its increased coverage and inclusion of new learning tools, this edition is an invaluable asset for students who aim to improve their programming skills