Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry, Second Edition, 2nd Edition

Production chemistry issues result from changes in well stream fluids, both liquid and gaseous, during processing. Since crude oil production is characterized by variable production rates and unpredictable changes to the nature of the produced fluids, it is essential for production chemists to have a range of chemical additives available for rectifying issues that would not otherwise be fully resolved. Modern production methods, the need to upgrade crude oils of variable quality, and environmental constraints demand chemical solutions. Thus, oilfield production chemicals are necessary to overcome or minimize the effects of the production chemistry problems.**Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry, Second Edition** discusses a wide variety of production chemicals used by the oil and gas industry for down-hole and topside applications both onshore and offshore. Incorporating the large amount of research and applications since the first edition, this new edition reviews all past and present classes of production chemicals, providing numerous difficult-to-obtain references, especially SPE papers and patents. Unlike other texts that focus on how products perform in the field, this book focuses on the specific structures of chemicals that are known to deliver the required or desired performance—information that is very useful for research and development.Each updated chapter begins by introducing a problem, such as scale or corrosion, for which there is a production chemical. The author then briefly discusses all chemical and nonchemical methods to treat the problem and provides in-depth descriptions of the structural classes of relevant production chemicals. He also mentions, when available, the environmental properties of chemicals and whether the chemical or technique has been successfully used in the field. This edition includes two new chapters and nearly 50 percent more references. Production chemistry issues result from changes in well stream fluids, both liquid and gaseous, during processing. Since crude oil production is characterized by variable production rates and unpredictable changes to the nature of the produced fluids, it is essential for production chemists to have a range of chemical additives available for rectifying issues that would not otherwise be fully resolved. Modern production methods, the need to upgrade crude oils of variable quality, and environmental constraints demand chemical solutions. Thus, oilfield production chemicals are necessary to overcome or minimize the effects of the production chemistry problems. Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry, Second Edition discusses a wide variety of production chemicals used by the oil and gas industry for down-hole and topside applications both onshore and offshore. Incorporating the large amount of research and applications since the first edition, this new edition reviews all past and present classes of production chemicals, providing numerous difficult-to-obtain references, especially SPE papers and patents. Unlike other texts that focus on how products perform in the field, this book focuses on the specific structures of chemicals that are known to deliver the required or desired performance—information that is very useful for research and development. Each updated chapter begins by introducing a problem, such as scale or corrosion, for which there is a production chemical. The author then briefly discusses all chemical and nonchemical methods to treat the problem and provides in-depth descriptions of the structural classes of relevant production chemicals. He also mentions, when available, the environmental properties of chemicals and whether the chemical or technique has been successfully used in the field. This edition includes two new chapters and nearly 50 percent more references. "I would like to thank those of you who bought the first edition. I hope you found it helpful. Thanks also to those who gave me feedback, nearly all of which was positive and was encouragement enough to provide you with this update. This second edition contains literature references up until mid-2013. Even though this is only 4.5 years since the first edition, a huge amount of research and field applications have taken place since then. For example, the number of references in this book has increased by almost 50%, almost none of which pre-date 2009. Other changes and trends I have observed within the development of oilfield production chemicals I have reported (M.A. Kelland, 'Production Chemicals and Their Future, ' Chemistry in the Oil Industry XIII--New Frontiers, Manchester, UK, November 2013). So, apart from updating each chapter, what's new in this second edition? First, I have expanded and separated out the section on foamers for gas well deliquification and given this subject its own chapter (Chapter 19). I have also included a new chapter (Chapter 18) on hydrotesting, as requested by a number of you. In addition, I have added a section on chemical injection in Chapter 1. These new additions are undoubtedly not exhaustive, so I would welcome your feedback on these. I have also been asked to add other chapters, such as surfactant and/or polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery, heavy oil transportation, fracturing fluids, and tracers. Owing to size constraints by the publisher and my own time constraints, I have not been able to add these other topics. Since the first edition was published, some new and useful websites have surfaced. Oilfieldwiki has become a useful Internet site to find basic information on some oilfield chemicals, "-- Provided by publisher Front Cover 1 Contents 6 Preface to the Second Edition 14 Preface to the First Edition 16 Author 18 Chapter 1: Introduction and Environmental Issues 20 Chapter 2: Water and Gas Control 42 Chapter 3: Scale Control 70 Chapter 4: Asphaltene Control 130 Chapter 5: Acid Stimulation 164 Chapter 6: Sand Control 198 Chapter 7: Control of Naphthenate and Other Carboxylate Fouling 204 Chapter 8: Corrosion Control during Production 210 Chapter 9: Gas Hydrate Control 238 Chapter 10: Wax (Paraffin Wax) Control 278 Chapter 11: Demulsifiers 306 Chapter 12: Foam Control 326 Chapter 13: Flocculants 332 Chapter 14: Biocides 346 Chapter 15: Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers 372 Chapter 16: Oxygen Scavengers 388 Chapter 17: Drag-Reducing Agents 394 Chapter 18: Chemicals for Hydrotesting 416 Chapter 19: Foamers for Gas Well Deliquification 422 Appendix 1: OSPAR Environmental Regulations for Oilfield Chemicals 426 Back Cover 432 This text discusses a wide variety of production chemicals used by the oil and gas industry for down-hole and topside applications both onshore and offshore. It reviews all past and present classes of production chemicals, providing numerous difficult-to-obtain references. Unlike other texts that focus on how products perform in the field, this book focuses on the specific structures of chemicals that are known to deliver the required or desired performance. Where known, it also details the environmental aspects of the chemicals discussed and their success in the field.