Procopius of Caesarea : Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

Justinian governed the Roman empire for more than thirty-eight years, and the events of his reign were recorded by Procopius of Caesarea, secretary of the general Belisarius. Yet, significantly, Procopius composed a history, a panegyric, as well as a satire of his own times. Anthony Kaldellis here offers a new interpretation of these writings of Procopius, situating him as a major source for the sixth century and one of the great historians of antiquity and Byzantium. Breaking from the scholarly tradition that views classicism as an affected imitation that distorted history, Kaldellis argues that Procopius was a careful student of the classics who displayed remarkable literary skill in adapting his models to the purposes of his own narratives. Classicism was a matter of structure and meaning, not just vocabulary. Through allusions Procopius revealed truths that could not be spoken openly; through anecdotes he exposed the broad themes that governed the history of his age. Elucidating the political thought of Procopius in light of classical historiography and political theory, Kaldellis argues that he owed little to Christianity, finding instead that he rejected the belief in providence and asserted the supremacy of chance. By deliberately alluding to Plato's discussions of tyranny, Procopius developed an artful strategy of intertextuality that enabled him to comment on contemporary individuals and events. Kaldellis also uncovers links between Procopius and the philosophical dissidents of the reign of Justinian. This dimension of his writing implies that his work is worthy of esteem not only for the accuracy of its reporting but also for its cultural polemic, political dissidence, and philosophical sophistication. 'Procopius of Caesarea' has wide implications for the way we should read ancient historians. Its conclusions also suggest that the world of Justinian was far from monolithically Christian. Major writers of that time believed that classical texts were still the best guides for understanding history, even in the rapidly changing world of late antiquity. Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Classicism and Its Discontents 17 The Preface of the 'Wars' 17 A Typology of Classicism 24 A Distorting Mirror? 38 Introducing the 'Secret History' and the 'Buildings' 45 2. Tales Not Unworthy of Trust: Anecdotes and the 'Persian War' 62 Arcadius and Isdigerdes (1.2.1-10) 65 Anatolius and Vararanes (1.2.11-15) 67 Ephthalites, Persians, and Romans (1.3.1-1.4.13) 69 The Pearl of Perozes (1.4.14-3 1) 75 The Tyranny of Cavades (1.5-7) 80 The 'History of the Armenians' (1.5.7-40) 88 3. The Secret History of Philosophy 94 The Sequence of Regimes Ends in Tyranny 94 Tyranny and the Politics of Philosophy 99 Plato's Nightmare 106 Platonic Texts, Platonic Readers 115 4. The Representation of Tyranny 118 Chosroes and Justinian, 'Emperors of East and West' 119 'Vanity of Vanities': Despotism and Imperial Ceremony 128 'The Rule of Women' and the Plan of 'Secret History' 1-5 142 Laws, Demons, and the Limits of Classicism in the 'Secret History' 150 Alternatives and Solutions 159 5. God and 'Tyche' in the 'Wars' 165 Christianity? 165 Coping with 'Tyche' 173 The Supremacy of 'Tyche' in the 'Vandal War' 176 The Struggle Between Virtue and 'Tyche' in the 'Gothic War' 189 Catastrophe in the 'Persian War' 204 'Tyche' and God in Book 8 of the 'Wars' 213 Precedents and Conclusions 216 Appendix 1. 'Secret History' 19-30 and the Edicts of Justinian 223 Appendix 2. The Plan of 'Secret History' 6-18 229 List of Abbreviations 231 Notes 233 Bibliography 275 Index 299 "Justinian governed the Roman empire for more than thirty-eight years, and the events of his reign were recorded by Procopius of Caesarea, secretary of the general Belisarius. Yet, significantly, Procopius composed a history, a panegyric, as well as a satire of his own times. Anthony Kaldellis here offers a new interpretation of these writings of Procopius, situating him as a major source for the sixth century and one of the great historians of antiquity and Byzantium." "Procopius of Caesarea has wide implications for the way we should read ancient historians. Its conclusions also suggest that the world of Justinian was far from monolithically Christian. Major writers of that time believed that classical texts were still the best guides for understanding history, even in the rapidly changing world of late antiquity."--Jacket