Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic (Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, 342)

This volume is the result of a conference, held at Manchester in July 2010, on processes of integration and identity formation in the Roman Republic. This book focuses especially on day-to-day contexts in which Romans and Italians interacted, which are essential for understanding long-term developments. The book discusses settlement patterns (e.g. Roman colonies), the Roman army, and the administration of Italy, as well as the long-term consequences of contact, such as growing social and economic networks, linguistic, religious, and cultural changes, transformations of identity in Rome and Italy, and demands for Roman citizenship by Italians. It combines new archaeological evidence with literary and epigraphic evidence, and thus gives an overview of current research on integration and identity in the Roman Republic. Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic 4 Contents 6 Saskia T. Roselaar: Introduction: Integration and Identity in the Roman Republic 10 1. Introduction 10 2. The Study of Integration Processes: ‘Points of Contact’ 11 a) Settlement 13 b) Army 15 c) Politics and Аdministration 15 d) Economy 16 e) Social Networks 17 3. Roman and Italian Concepts of Identity 18 4. Integration and Romanization 22 Acknowledgements 23 Roman Roth: Regionalism: Towards a New Perspective of Cultural Change in Central Italy, c. 350–100 BC 26 1. Introduction: What is ‘Regionalism’? 26 2. Sources and Source Criticism 29 3. Settlement and Connectivity 34 4. Finding the Regions: An Outlook 39 a) Settlement 40 b) Connectivity 42 5. Conclusion 43 Federico Russo: The Beginning of the First Punic War and the Concept of Italia 44 1. Introduction 44 2. The Greek Concept of Syngeneia 45 3. Polybius and the Mamertines 51 4. The Ludi Saeculares of 249 BC 54 5. Conclusion 58 Skylar Neil: Identity Construction and Boundaries: Hellenistic Perugia 60 1. Introduction 60 2. Boundaries 61 3. Ethnicity in Ancient Etruria 63 4. Perugia and its Hinterland from the Eighth to Third Centuries BC 64 5. Identity Reinforcement in Perugia during the Republic 71 6. Conclusion 75 Patrick Kent: Reconsidering Socii in Roman Armies before the Punic Wars 80 1. Introduction 80 2. Sources and historiography 80 3. Inter-Community Politics in Italy 84 4. Alliances, Friendship, and Voluntary Cooperation 86 5. Conclusion 92 Nathan S. Rosenstein: Integration and Armies in the Middle Republic 94 1. Introduction 94 2. The Level of Mobilization 94 3. Contacts between Romans and Italians in the Army 100 4. Life in the Camps 102 5. Integration in Army Camps 109 6. Conclusion 112 Seth Kendall: Appian, Allied Ambassadors, and the Rejection of 91: Why the Romans Chose to Fight the Bellum Sociale 114 1. Introduction 114 2. The Senate’s Knowledge of Allied Preparations 117 3. The Undesirability of Allied Citizenship: The Army 122 4. Economic and Political Problems of Enfranchisement 125 5. Romans: The Master Race? 127 6. Conclusion 130 Fiona C. Tweedie: The Lex Licinia Mucia and the Bellum Italicum 132 1. Introduction 132 2. Cicero and the Lex Licinia Mucia 133 3. The Census and the Citizenship before 95 BC 137 5. The Lex Licinia Mucia in Practice 143 6. Conclusion 148 Saskia T. Roselaar: Mediterranean Trade as a Mechanism of Integration between Romans and Italians 150 1. Introduction 150 2. Bellum Iustum: The Duty to Protect Allies 150 3. Economic Motivations for Protection 152 4. Intervention in the Economic Situation of Allies 160 6. Conclusion 166 Toni Ñaco del Hoyo & Jordi Principal: Outposts of Integration? Garrisoning, Logistics and Archaeology in North-Eastern Hispania, 133–82 BC 168 1. Introduction 168 2. Military Archaeology: Two Case Studies from North-Eastern Hispania 169 2.1. El Camp de les Lloses 169 2.2. Monteró 174 3. North-Eastern Hispania Citerior and Its Historical Background 178 4. Garrisoning and Logistics: The North-Eastern Outposts in Context 180 5. Epigraphic Evidence on Road Building and Its Connection to the North 182 6. Numismatic Evidence: For Whom was Iberian Coinage Minted? 183 7. Conclusion 186 Daniel C. Hoyer: Samnite Economy and the Competitive Environment of Italy in the Fifth to Third Centuries BC 188 1. Introduction 188 2. Samnite Economy 190 3. Italy’s Competitive Environment 194 4. Roman Colonization and Economic Competition 200 5. Conclusion 204 Kathryn Lomas: The Weakest Link: Elite Social Networks in Republican Italy 206 1. Introduction 206 2. Local Networks: The Power of Vicinitas 207 3. Guest-Friendship 211 4. Social Networks and Social Contacts 218 5. Conclusion 220 John R. Patterson: Contact, Co-operation, and Conflict in Pre-Social War Italy 224 1. Introduction 224 2. Military Service 225 3. Hospitium, Intermarriage, and Migration 227 4. The Role of Informal Contacts in Politics 231 5. Conclusion 234 Edward Bispham: Rome and Antium: Pirates, Polities, and Identity in the Middle Republic 236 1. Introduction 236 2. The Roman Colony at Antium 236 3. Colonists and Pirates at Antium 243 4. Conclusion: Entella, Antium, and (Not) Rome 252 Elizabeth C. Robinson: A Localized Approach to the Study of Integration and Identity in Southern Italy 256 1. Introduction 256 2. Why a Southern Italian Case Study? 257 3. Larinum 259 4. Previous Research on Larinum 261 5. Preliminary Results 263 a) The Site 263 b) Inscriptions 268 c) Settlement Patterns 270 6. Conclusion 278 Osvaldo Sacchi: Settlement Structures and Institutional ‘Continuity’ in Capua until the Deductio Coloniaria of 59 BC 282 1. Introduction 282 2. The Functional Nature of Archaic Pagus 284 3. The Existence of Archaic Pagi and Vici in Italy 285 4. The ‘paganico-vicano’ System 287 5. The Notion of Civitas 290 6. The System of Pagi and Vici in the Ager Campanus 292 7. The Magistri Campani and Capua’s Iuvila: The Problem of ‘Continuity’ 294 8. Conclusion 297 David Langslow: Integration, Identity, and Language Shift: Strengths and Weaknesses of the ‘Linguistic’ Evidence 298 1. Introduction 298 2. Latinisation, Romanisation and the Relation between the Two 302 2.1. Script 303 2.2. Writing Habits 304 2.3. Dating Formulae 306 2.4. Institutions and Institutional Formulae 307 2.5. Naming Conventions 307 3. Identity and the Importance of Choice 309 4. Contexts of Language-Contact, Language-Status and Language-Choice 310 5. Conclusion 316 Eleanor Jefferson: Problems and Audience in Cato’s Origines 320 1. Introduction 320 2. The Audience of Cato’s Origines 321 3. The Origines as a Medium for Integration 328 4. Conclusion 335 Rianne Hermans: Juno Sospita: A Foreign Goddess through Roman Eyes 336 1. Introduction 336 2. Iunonia sedes 337 3. Cult Place(s) in Rome 339 4. A Problematic Continuity 341 5. Caecilia’s Dream 343 6. Conclusion: Foreign in a Roman Way 344 Massimiliano Di Fazio: Feronia. The Role of an Italic Goddess in the Process of Cultural Integration in Republican Italy 346 1. Introduction 346 2. The Sabine Origin of Feronia’s Cult 346 3. Other Cult Places in Central Italy 352 4. Feronia’s Cult along the Via Flaminia 356 5. Conclusion 362 Elisabeth Buchet: Tiburnus, Albunea, Hercules Victor: The Cults of Tibur between Integration and Assertion of Local Identity 364 1. Introduction 364 2. Tibur’s Position in Latium 364 3. Tibur’s Restructuring and Its Religious Aspects 366 4. Rome’s Attempt at Integration and Tibur’s Resistance 367 a) Tiburnus 367 b) Albunea 369 c) Hercules Victor and His Sortes 371 5. Conclusion 373 Saskia T. Roselaar: General Conclusion 374 1. General Conclusions 374 2. Further Research 377 Bibliography 382 Index 410 Introduction: Integration And Identity In The Roman Republic / Saskia -- T. Roselaar -- Regionalism: Towards A New Perspective Of Cultural -- Change In Central Italy, C. 350-100 Bc / Roman Roth -- The Beginning Of The First Punic War And The Concept Of Italia / Federico Russo -- Identity Construction And Boundaries: Hellenistic Perugia / Skylar Neil -- Reconsidering Socii In Roman Armies Before The Punic Wars / Patrick Kent -- Integration And Armies In The Middle Republic / Nathan S. Rosenstein -- Appian, Allied Ambassadors, And The Rejection Of 91: Why The Romans Chose To Fight The Bellum Sociale / Seth Kendall -- The Lex Licinia Mucia And The Bellum Italicum / Fiona Tweedie -- Mediterranean Trade As A Mechanism Of Integration Between Romans And Italians / Saskia T. Roselaar -- Outposts Of Integration? Garrisoning, Logistics And Archaeology In North-eastern Hispania, 133-82 Bc / Toni Naco Del Hoyo & Jordi Principal --^ Samnite Economy And The Competitive Environment Of Italy In The Fifth To Third Centuries Bc / Daniel C. Hoyer -- The Weakest Link: Elite Social Networks In Republican Italy / Kathryn Lomas -- Contact, Co-operation, And Conflict In Pre-social War Italy / John R. Patterson -- Rome And Antium: Pirates, Polities And Identity In The Middle Republic / Ed H. Bispham -- A Localized Approach To The Study Of Integration And Identity In Southern Italy / Elizabeth C. Robinson -- Settlement Structures And Institutional 'continuity' In Capua Until The Deductio Coloniaria Of 59 Bc / Osvaldo Sacchi -- Integration, Identity, And Language Shift: Strengths And Weaknesses Of The 'linguistic' Evidence / David Langslow -- Problems And Audience In Cato's Origines / Eleanor Jefferson -- Juno Sospita: A Foreign Goddess Through Roman Eyes / Rianne Hermans -- Feronia. The Role Of An Italic Goddess In The Process Of Cultural Integration In Republican Italy / Massimiliano Di Fazio --^ Tiburnus, Albunea, Hercules Victor: The Cults Of Tibur Between Integration And Assertion Of Local Identity / Elisabeth Buchet. Edited By S.t. Roselaar. Includes Bibliography And Index. This book focuses on day-to-day interactions between Romans and Italians interacted, and the consequences of such interactions. Drawing on new archaeological evidence, literary and epigraphic material, it presents the current state of research on integration and identity formation in the Roman Republic Was the 'ethic of Jesus' unique? Was it ever intended to be literally obeyed? Have Jesus' followers always evaded its implications? Here is a challenging response.