Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2023: Volume 4 (Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering)

This book focuses on reservoir surveillance and management, reservoir evaluation and dynamic description, reservoir production stimulation and EOR, ultra-tight reservoir, unconventional oil and gas resources technology, oil and gas well production testing, and geomechanics. This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 13th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2023). The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience, but also promotes the development of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The main audience for the work includes reservoir engineer, geological engineer, enterprise managers, senior engineers as well as students. Contents Fine Reservoir Description Reservoir Rock Typing Method and Application Based on Geological and Petrophysical Features——Taking the Porous Bioclastic Limestone Reservoir in Iraq a Oilfield as an Example 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Geology 3 Technical Workflow 4 Rock Type Classification 4.1 Geological Facies Classification 4.2 Petrophysical Group Classification 4.3 Rock Type Classification, Propogation and Validation 5 Application 6 Summary References Characteristics of Diagenesis and Its Control on Tight Sandstone Reservoir of Yanchang Formation in Luohe Block of Zhidan Oilfield, Ordos Basin 1 Introduction 2 Geological setting 3 Sample and Methodology 3.1 Sample Collection 3.2 Experimental Methods 4 Results 4.1 Basic Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoir 4.2 Diagenesis of Tight Sandstone Reservoir 5 Discussion 5.1 Influence of Diagenesis on Reservoir Characteristics 6 Conclusions References Characteristics and Genesis of Low-Energy Fine-Grained Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case Study from Middle Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in H Oilfield, Iraq 1 Introduction 2 Regional Geological Characteristics 3 Sedimentary Facies 4 Reservoir Characteristics 4.1 Lithology and Physical Characteristics of Reservoir 4.2 Pore Types 4.3 Relationships Between Porosity and Permeability 4.4 Characteristics of Pore Throat Structure 5 Reservoir Controlling Factors 5.1 Control of Sequence Stratigraphy 5.2 Carbonate Diagenesis 6 Reservoir Distribution 7 Conclusions References Application of a Multi-technique Fusion Approach on Fine Characterization of Volcanic-Channel Boundaries 1 Introduction 2 Technical Method 3 Application Effect 3.1 Edge Enhancement Processing Analysis of Dip Steering Filter 3.2 Comparison and Analysis of Full Band and Fractional Frequency Seismic Data Volume 3.3 Seismic Frequency Division Coherence Cube Optimization and Secondary Noise Reduction Analysis 3.4 Analysis of Volcanic Channel Characteristics 4 Application Effect References Sedimentary Characteristics and Differential Diagenetic Evolution of Restricted Platform in the Upper Member of M Formation in X Oilfield, Iraq 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Sedimentary Characteristics of Restricted Platform 3.1 Lithology and Sedimentary Structure 3.2 Geochemical Characteristics 3.3 Types of Sedimentary Facies 4 Differential Diagenetic Evolution of Restricted Platform 4.1 Types and Characteristics of Diagenesis 4.2 Diagenesis Sequence and Differential Diagenesis Evolution 5 Controlling Effect of Sedimentary and Diagenesis Characteristics on Reservoir Physical Properties 6 Conclusion References The Control Effects of Interlayer on the Residual Oil Distribution in Natural Water-Flooding Bottom Water Reservoirs and Development Strategy 1 Introduction 2 Interlayer Characteristics and Modeling 2.1 Interlayer Characteristics 2.2 Model Establishment 3 The Control Effect of Interlayer on Residual Oil Distribution 3.1 Difference in Viscosity 3.2 Difference in Permeability of Interlayers 3.3 Difference in Thickness of Interlayers 3.4 Difference in the Scale of Interlayers 3.5 Difference in Locations of Interlayer 4 Development Countermeasures 5 Conclusions References Rock Mechanical Parameter Modeling of Tight Oil Reservoir: A Case Study of Certain Block 1 Introduction 2 Geological Overview of the Study Area 3 Rock Mechanics Parameters of Single Well 3.1 Shear-Wave Slowness 3.2 Rock Mechanics Parameters 3.3 In-Situ Stress 4 Establishment of 3D Rock Mechanics Model 4.1 Modeling Methods and Processes 4.2 Modeling Methods and Processes 4.3 In-Situ Stress Model 5 Model Application 6 Conclusion References Application of Neural Network Automatic Identification of Sedimentary Microfacies in Thin Reservoirs of Delta Exo-front Facies 1 Introduction 2 Division of Sedimentary Facies and Characteristics of Logging Facies 2.1 Division of Sedimentary Facies 2.2 Description of Logging Facies Characteristics 3 Automatic Identification of Sedimentary Microfacies by Neural Network 3.1 Optimization of Logging Curves 3.2 Selection of Sedimentary Microfacies Samples 3.3 Constraints on Reservoir Parameters and Petrophysics Parameters 3.4 Model Establishment and Application 4 Conclusion References Analysis of the Reasons for the Differences in Oil and Gas Enrichment Layers in the Nanpu M Fault Block Based on the Migration and Accumulation Process 1 Introduction 2 Basic Reservoir Characteristics 3 Oil and Gas Transport and Aggregation Processes and Mechanisms 3.1 Trap 3.2 Migration 3.3 Aggregation 4 Main Control Factors 4.1 Analysis of Influencing Factors at Differential Stages of Transportation and Aggregation 4.2 Comprehensive Analysis of the Main Controlling Factors 5 Conclusion References A Simple Calculation Method for Water Oil Contact in Heterogeneous Reservoir: A Case Study of Nanpu 1–1 Block in Jidong Oilfield 1 Computational Method 2 Parameter Estimation 3 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Relative Position of Oil-Water Contact 4 Application Effect 5 Conclusion References Study on TLUS Reservoir Sedimentary Model of Napo Formation in P Oilfield of Ecuador 1 Geological Setting 2 Sedimentary Facies Marker 2.1 Color 2.2 Petrological Characteristics 2.3 Sedimentary Structure Marks 3 Logging Facies Characteristics 4 Seismic Facies Characteristics 5 Types and Distribution Characteristics of Sedimentary Facies 5.1 Classification of Sedimentary Facies Types 5.2 Main Microfacies Characteristics 5.3 Plane Distribution Characteristics of Sedimentary Microfacies 6 Conclusion References Fine Prediction and Characterization of Lithology-Reservoir-Fluid in Southeastern Margin Slope Belt of the Pre-Caspian Basin 1 Introduction 2 Background and Reservoir Characteristics 3 Petrophysical Analysis and Seismic Joint Inversion 3.1 Calculation and Analysis of Elastic Parameters 3.2 Comparison and Analysis of Sensitive Elastic Parameters 3.3 Analysis of Elastic Parameters-Porosity Cross-Plot 3.4 Seismic Joint Inversion by Logging Constraint 4 Lithology Prediction 4.1 Analysis and Optimization of Single Elastic Parameter 4.2 Construction of Multiple Elastic Parameters Lithologic Factor 4.3 Lithology Identification and Prediction 5 Reservoir Prediction Based on Lithology Identification 6 Oil and Gas Prediction 7 Application Analysis 8 Conclusions References Characterization of Shale Pore Structure Using CT Scanning Technology: A Case Study in Ordovician Wulalike Formation of Ordos Basin 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experimental Instrument 2.3 Experimental Procedures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Threshold Division 3.2 3D Reconstruction 3.3 Micro-Crack Connectivity Analysis 3.4 The Separation of Pore-fracture System 4 Conclusion References Experimental Evaluation and Quantitative Characterization of “Six Characteristics” of Unconventional Reservoirs—Taking Well Y of Shallow Lacustrine Facies in Northern Songliao Basin as an Example 1 Geological Background 2 Geological Experiment Analysis and Sample 3 Experimental Evaluation and Quantitative Characterization of Reservoir “Six Characteristics” 3.1 Lithology Evaluation 3.2 Source Lithology Evaluation 3.3 Physical Properties and Pore Structure Evaluation 3.4 Oiliness Assessment 3.5 Brittleness Evaluation 3.6 Mechanical Property Evaluation 4 Evaluation and Quantitative Characterization of Reservoir “Six Characteristics” Relationship 4.1 The Relationship Between Lithology, Physical Property and Pore Structure 4.2 The Relationship Between Oiliness and Lithology, Physical Property and Pore Structure 5 Conclusion References Study on the Interlayer Characteristics of Channel Sand Body in Block E of S Oilfield 1 Introduction 2 Distribution and Dip Angle Characteristics 2.1 Braided River Deposit 2.2 Meandering River Deposit 2.3 High Curved Distributary Channel Deposit 2.4 Low Curved Distributary Channel Deposit 3 Thickness Characteristics 4 Lithological Characteristic 5 Conclusion References Prestack Porosity Direct Inversion Based on Logging Constraints 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Joint Direct Inversion of Prestack P and S Waves 2.2 Prestack Porosity Direct Inversion Based On Logging Constraints 3 Application 4 Conclusion References Characterization of Micro-nano Pore Structure of Tight Sandstone Based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments (NMR) 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Materials Methods and Methodology 3.1 Samples 3.2 Experimental and Methods 3.3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Physical Properties 4.2 Characteristics of Pore Structure 4.3 Pore Size Distribution 4.4 Fractal Dimension Analysis 4.5 NMR Dual T2 Cutoffs 4.6 Occurrence Characteristics of Movable Fluid in Different Pore-Structure 5 Conclusion References Research on Water-Flood Law of Diamictite Reservoir in Iraq F Field 1 Regional Geological Background 2 Sedimentary Facies of Asmari Formation 3 Reservoir Characteristics 3.1 Petrology Characteristics 3.2 Reservoir Physical Properties 4 Water-Flood Law 4.1 Interlayer 4.2 Fracture 4.3 Pressure Depletion 4.4 Sandstone Distribution Characteristics 4.5 Water-Flood Types 5 Conclusions References Method Study for Quantitative Evaluation of Flood Zone Using Cased-Hole Resistivity Logging-Take F Oilfield, South Sudan as an Example 1 Introduction 2 Field Description 3 Applicability Analysis of Cased-Hole Resistivity Logging 4 Evaluation Method for Water-Flooded Zones 4.1 Selection of Interpretation Parameters for Cased-Hole Resistivity Logging 4.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Water-Flooded Zones 5 Verification Well Inspection 6 Conclusion References Application of Reservoir Simulation in Production and Development Management 1 Overview of Reservoir and Model 1.1 Overview of Reservoir Geology 1.2 Overview of Reservoir Geology 1.3 Overview of Reservoir Simulation Model 2 Problems in Reservoir Development Management 2.1 How to Find Potential Areas 2.2 How to Make the Best Stimulation Measure 2.3 How to Make the Best Injection and Production Adjustment Project 3 Application of Reservoir Simulation in Solving Reservoir Development Management Problems 3.1 How to Make the Best Injection and Production Adjustment Project 3.2 Compare and Optimize the Stimulation Measures 3.3 Compare and Optimize the Injection Production Adjustment Measures 4 Conclusions References The Characterization of Fan Delta Front Based on the Human–Machine Interactive Measurement and Flume Experiment 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Human-Machine Interactive Measurement 2.2 Flume Set-Up 2.3 Scaling of Parameters 3 Results 3.1 Architecture Based on Fan Delta Front Evolution 3.2 Controlling Factors of the Mouth Bar Development 4 Conclusions References Tight Gas Sandstone Formation Lithology Classification Using Deep Learning Networks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 The Theory of Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) 2.2 The Theory of CNN 3 Application and Analysis 3.1 Data Introduction 3.2 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References A New Fracture Model Integrating Geological Anatomy and Geophysical Detection: A Case Study of Tight Gas Reservoir in West Sichuan Basin, China 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Method and Technical Process 4 Fracture Characteristics 5 Fracture Probability Model Based on Geological Statistics 5.1 The Relationship Between Fractures and Fault 5.2 The Relationship Between Fractures and Lithofacies 5.3 Establishment of Fracture Probability Model Based on Geological Cognition 6 Establishment of Fracture Density Model Based on Geophysical Prediction 6.1 Evaluation and Optimization of Fracture Seismic Attributes 6.2 Establishment of Fracture Density Model Based on Seismic Prediction 7 Comprehensive Fracture Model 7.1 Fracture Probability Combining Geological and Geophysical Data 7.2 Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Modeling 7.3 Fracture Properties Modeling 8 Model Test and Application Effect 9 Conclusions References Seepage Laws and an Effective Development Mode for the Intraplatform Dengying 4 Gas Reservoirs, Anyue Gasfield, Sichuan Basin 1 Introduction 1.1 A Subsection Sample 2 Geologic Setting 3 Core Samples and Experimental Methodology 3.1 Core Samples 3.2 Experimental Seepage Methodology 4 Result 4.1 Stress Sensitivity Experiment 4.2 Core Seepage Experiment 4.3 Paralleling Core Depletion Experiment 5 Discussion and Analysis 5.1 Discrepancy Between Stress Sensitivities in Platform Margin and Intraplatform Reservoirs 5.2 Differences of Flowing Properties in Platform Marginal and Intraplatform Reservoirs 5.3 Optimizing the Development Mode for Intraplatform Dengying 4 Gas Reservoirs 6 Examples 7 Conclusions References Research and Application of Fine Horizon Calibration Technology in the Kelasu Area 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics of Gypsum and Salt in the Kelasu Tectonic Zone 2.1 Plane Distribution Characteristics of Gypsum Salt Rocks in the Kelasu Tectonic Zone 2.2 Analysis of Logging Characteristics of Gypsum and Salt Rocks 2.3 The Importance of Identifying Gypsum Salt Rock Layers in the Kelasu Area 3 Production of Conventional Synthetic Seismic Records 3.1 Basic Process and Principles of Conventional Synthetic Seismic Records 3.2 Selection of Wavelet Parameters 3.3 Using Conventional Calibration Techniques to Identify Problems in Salt Rock Formations 4 Calibration Technology of Density Curve Correction Method 5 Conclusion References Upper Limits of the Physical Properties and Classification of Tight Conglomerate Reservoir of Baikouquan Formation in Mahu Sag 1 Introduction 2 Determination of Upper Limit of Tight Conglomerate Reservoir 2.1 Theoretical Model and Parameter Determination 2.2 Determination of Upper Limit of Dense Conglomerate Reservoirs 3 Classification of Reservoir Physical Properties Based on Pore-Throat Structure 4 Percentage of Various Types of Reservoirs in Mahu Depression 5 Conclusions References Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Water-Flooding Features and Remaining Oil Distribution in Water-Wet Sandstones 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 2.1 Experimental Material 2.2 Experimental Process 2.3 Image Processing 3 Microscopic Pore Structures 4 Experimental Results 5 The Controlling Factors for Water-Flooding Features 5.1 Microscopic Pore Structures 5.2 Water Flooding Rate 6 Conclusion References Study on Quantitative Analysis Technology of Shale Reservoir Space 1 Geological Background 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Image Processing Software Corel DRAW Was Used to Analyze Shale Pore Data Collected by Field Emission Electron Microscopy 2.2 Image Analysis Software Was Used to Calculate Pore Data 2.3 Pore Data Processing and Quantitative Analysis 3 Main Conclusions References Application of Well-Seismic Integration Reservoir Prediction Technology in YDCZ Oil Layer in A Block 1 Introduction 2 Block Profile 3 Study on Reservoir Prediction with Integration of Wells and Seismic 3.1 Fine Extraction of Seismic Attributes 3.2 Fine Seismic Inversion with Integration of Wells and Seismic 3.3 Fine Characterization of Sand Body with Integration of Wells and Seismic 4 Application and Effect 4.1 Evaluation of Reservoir Quality 4.2 Block Development and Effect 5 Conclusion References Characteristics and Comprehensive Evaluation of the Shanxi Formation Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Wuzhong Area of the Western Ordos Basin 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Sedimentary Background 3 Reservoir Petrological Characteristics 4 Diagenesis Characteristics 4.1 Diagenesis 4.2 Diagenetic Stage 5 Reservoir Space and Physical Properties 5.1 Pore Type 5.2 Pore Structure 5.3 Physical Properties 6 Comprehensive Evaluation 7 Conclusions References Effect of Interlayers on Bottom Water Advance in Blocky Bottom Water Gas Reservoir 1 Regional Geological Characteristics of Gas Fields 1.1 Stratigraphic Characteristics 1.2 Structural Characteristics 1.3 Gas Reservoir Type 2 Reason Analysis of YJ Gas Field 2.1 Production Performance of YJ Gas Field 2.2 Reason Analysis of YJ Gas Field Water Discharge 3 Analysis of Interlayer Distribution and Water Control Measures in YJ Gas Field 4 Conclusions References Technology and Application of Fine Description for Complex Fault-Block Thin-Interbedded Condensate Gas Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 Current State 3 Overview of the Research Area 4 Key Technologies 4.1 Technology for Fine Structural Interpretation of Complex Fault-Block Condensate Gas Reservoirs 4.2 Technology for Prediction of thin Interbedded Sand-Shale Reservoirs 5 Application and Practical Significance 6 Conclusions References Formation Mechanism Study of Preponderant Seepage Channels in Natural Water Flooding and Artificial Water Flooding Co-development Reservoir 1 Introduction 2 Geological Formation Mechanism of Preponderant Seepage Channels 2.1 Reservoir Lithology 2.2 Microscopic Heterogeneity 2.3 Sedimentary Micro-facies 2.4 Sand Body Distribution Characteristics 2.5 Sand Body Connectivity 2.6 Reservoir Properties 2.7 Natural Energy 3 Development Formation Mechanism of Preponderant Seepage Channels 3.1 Fluid Viscosity 3.2 Injection and Production Rate 3.3 Production Strategies 4 The Main Controlling Factors Affecting the Formation of Preponderant Seepage Channels 4.1 Permeability Max-min Ratio 4.2 Aquifer Size 4.3 Oil-Water Viscosity Ratio 4.4 Injection Rate 4.5 Injection-Production Well Spacing 4.6 Production Rate 4.7 Liquid Increase Timing 5 Conclusions References Classification and Sedimentary Microfacies of Paleogene-Neogene Mixosedimentite in H Oilfield of Zagros Basin 1 Preface 2 General Geology 3 Mixosedimentite Classification 3.1 Classification and Naming of Mixosedimentite 3.2 The Basis of Mixosedimentite Classification Standard Determination 4 Fine Study of Sedimentary Microfacies Based on Mixosedimentite Classification 4.1 Sedimentary Facies Division and Research under Mixed Sedimentary Background 4.2 Logging Characteristics of Mixosedimentite and Typical Sedimentary Microfacies Characteristics 4.3 Sedimentary Microfacies Distribution and Facies Model 5 Conclusions References Remaining Oil Distribution Pattern and Potential Tapping Measures of M Buried Hill Fractured Cave Reservoir in Jidong Oilfield 1 Development Status 2 Study on the Remaining Oil Distribution 2.1 Reservoir Engineering Study 2.2 Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Study 3 Remaining Oil Tapping Strategy 3.1 Nitrogen Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery 3.2 Well Pattern Adjustment 3.3 Acid Fracturing of Horizontal Well 3.4 Sidetracking of Horizontal Well 4 Conclusion References Characteristics of High Permeability Streak of Mishrif Formation in B Oilfield and Its Influence on Waterflood Development 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Depositional Facies 4 Reservoir Characteristics 4.1 Petrological 4.2 Reservoir Space 4.3 Petrophysical Properties 4.4 Pore Structure Characteristics 5 High Permeability Characteristics 5.1 Static Identification Method 5.2 Well Logging Response 5.3 Dynamic Identification Method 5.4 Multistage Centrifugal Nuclear Magnetism 6 Discussion 6.1 Genetic Mechanism of High Permeability 6.2 Waterflood Development Mode 6.3 High Permeability Streak Influence on Waterflood Development 7 Conclusions References Research and Application of Shale Oil Fracture Prediction Method Based on Pre-stack Anisotropy Analysis 1 Introduction 1.1 A Subsection Sample 2 Methodology 2.1 OVT Data 2.2 AVAZ Inversion 3 Prestack Fracture Prediction 3.1 Anisotropy Analysis of Pre-stack Seismic Data 3.2 Fracture Prediction by Sub-azimuthal Gather Stack and Attribute Analysis 3.3 Fracture Prediction by AVAZ Inversion 4 Conclusions References Fracture Modeling and Connectivity Analysis in Northern Yueman, Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basin 1 Introduction 2 Problems in Traditional Fracture Modeling Methods 3 Establishment of Fractured Reservoir Geological Model 3.1 Three-Dimensional Structural Modeling 3.2 Establishment of Discrete Fracture Network Modeling 4 Connectivity Analysis 5 Conclusion References Characterization and Appraisal of Reservoir Heterogeneity of the Lower Mishrif Formation in AD Oilfield, Central Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Sedimentology and its Controls on the Reservoir Quality 4.2 Cementation Analysis and its Controls on the Reservoir Quality 4.3 Characterization and Identification of the Mishrif Reservoir Heterogeneity 5 Discussion 5.1 Depositional Environment of the Lower Mishrif Formation in AD Oilfield 5.2 Impact of Sedimentation and Diagenesis on Reservoir Heterogeneity 6 Conclusion References Application of Multi-attribute Clustering Technology to Description of Fault-Controlled Fracture-Cavity Reservoirs in Changxing Formation, Longgang Area 1 Introduction 2 Research Idea and Key Technologies 3 Application 3.1 Overview of the Study Area 3.2 Identification of Faults 3.3 Depiction of Boundary of the Fracture-Cavity Body 3.4 Description of Internal Structure of the Fracture-Cavity Body 3.5 Multi-attribute Clustering 4 Conclusions References Research on Method of Predicting Sandbody Distribution of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs Based on ArcGIS 1 Introduction 2 Basis and Idea of Sandbody Distribution Prediction 3 Geological Background 4 Sandbody Distribution Prediction of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoir 4.1 Exploratory Analysis of Sand Thickness Data 4.2 Spatial Analysis of Sand Thickness Based on Half Variation Function 4.3 Sandbody Thickness Kriging Interpolation Prediction 4.4 Results of Sandbody Distribution Prediction 5 Conclusion References Study on Distribution of Remaining Oil in Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs Considering Influence of Connected Structure Patterns 1 Introduction 2 Physical Models for Fractured-Vuggy Unit Simulation 2.1 Making of 3D Printing Models 2.2 Establishment of Similarity Criteria 2.3 Parameters of the Experimental Model 3 Oil Displacement Experiments for Fractured-Vuggy Units 3.1 Experimental Conditions and Procedures 3.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Study on Multi-scale Fracture-Vug Characteristics and Modeling Method of Jurassic Fractured-Vuggy Carbonate Reservoir on the Right Bank of Amu Darya: A Case from EH Gas Field, Amu Darya Basin 1 Introduction 2 Geological Overview 3 Geological Characteristics of Fractures and vugs 3.1 Characteristics of Micro-scale Fracture 3.2 Characteristics of Medium-Scale Fractures 3.3 Characteristics of Large-Scale Fracture-Vugs 4 Multi-scale Fracture-vug Modeling 4.1 Micro-scale Fractures Modeling 4.2 Medium-Scale Fractures Modeling 4.3 Large-Scale Fracture-vugs Modeling 4.4 Multi-scale Fracture Model Coupling 5 Application Effect 6 Conclusion References Dynamic Rock Typing Study and Application of Complex Carbonate Reservoir in Middle East 1 Introduction 2 RRT Classification 2.1 RRT Classification 2.2 Water Saturation 3 Dynamic Reservoir Rock Typing 3.1 Establish Relative Permeability Curves 3.2 Water/Oil J Function 3.3 Uncertainties 4 Conclusions References A Classification and Evaluation Method for Complex Carbonate Reservoir Based on Weight Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Geological Overview 3 Geological Characteristics of Complex Oil Reservoirs with Ultra-low Permeability 3.1 Reservoir Space Characteristics 3.2 Physical Property 4 Optimization of Main Control Factors for Reservoir Development 4.1 Degree of Fracture Development 4.2 Formation Pressure 4.3 Reservoir Thickness and Reservoir Properties 4.4 Analysis of Other Influencing Factors 5 Weight Analysis Method to Determine Weight Coefficients and Classify Favorable Reservoirs 5.1 Parent Sequence and Sub Sequence Selection 5.2 Calculation of Correlation Coefficient 5.3 Calculation of Correlation Degree 5.4 Calculation of Correlation Degree 5.5 Evaluate Results 6 Application and Effects 6.1 Effectively Guiding the Deployment of Well Locations to Achieve Sustained and Stable Production in the Oilfield 6.2 Effectively Improving Drilling Success Rate and Ensuring Single Well Production References The Describe Technology of Water Penetration Advantage Channel Based on Fracture Characterization of Ultra-deep Complex Structural Gas Reservoir 1 Introduction 2 Regional Geological Background 3 Multi-scale Fracture Characterization Technology 3.1 Large-Scale Fracture Characterization 3.2 Small and Medium Scale Fracture Characterization 4 Water Intrusion Channel Inscription Technique 4.1 Fracture Dynamic Response Diagnosis 4.2 Dynamic and Static Information Combined with Portrayal 5 Application Examples 5.1 Gas Reservoir Gas and Water Distribution Characteristics 5.2 Gas Reservoir Water Intrusion Dominant Channel Inscription 5.3 Gas Reservoir Water Intrusion Model 6 Conclusion References Analysis of Gas Well Production Capacity Control Factors and Evaluation of Favorable Development Areas in the Maokou Formation in Central Sichuan 1 Overview of Gas Reservoir 2 Reservoir Characteristics 2.1 Rock Types and Reservoir Space 2.2 Fracture Development Characteristics 2.3 Reservoir Physical Characteristics 2.4 Reservoir Type 3 Dynamic Characteristics of Gas Well Production 4 Control Factors of Gas Well Productivity 4.1 The Thickness of High Quality Reservoir Controls the Initial Productivity of Gas Well 4.2 The Stable Production Capacity of Gas Well is Greatly Affected by Reservoir Type and Distribution Area 4.3 The Relationship Between Gas Well Productivity and the Distance Between Well and Fault is Not Obvious 5 Development Favorable Area Evaluation 6 Conclusions References Classification and Main Controlling Factors of Low Permeability Carbonate in the Lower Part of Cretaceous Mishrif Formation, W Oilfield, Iraq 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting 3 Data and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Petrophysical Property 4.2 Porosity and Permeability 5 Discussion 5.1 Sea Level Controlling the Reservoir Quality 5.2 Diagenesis Controlling the Reservoir Quality 5.3 Sedimentary-Diagenetic Pattern in Low-Permeability Reservoir 5.4 Distribution of Low-Permeability Reservoir 6 Conclusion References Seismic Prediction of Multiscale Fracture in Archaean Buried Hill Gas Field 1 Introduction 2 Geological Characteristics and Fracture Prediction Technology of Buried Hill Reservoir 3 Multi-scale Fracture Description 3.1 Prediction of Large-Scale Post-stack Fracture Zone 3.2 Prediction of Prestack Mesoscale Fracture Zone 3.3 Small-Scale Fracture Analysis Based on FMI Logging 4 Comprehensive Prediction of Multi-scale Fractures 4.1 Multi-scale Fracture Density Prediction Based on Random Forest 4.2 Fracture Number Parameter Determination and Fracture Length Distribution Parameter Determination 4.3 Establishment of Azimuth Guide Field for Multi-scale Fracture Development 4.4 Prediction of Multi-scale Fracture Zone 5 Application 6 Conclusions References Gas and Water Distribution Patterns and Development Suggestions for Low Permeability and Thick Bottom Water Gas Reservoirs with Low Amplitude Structures 1 Introduction 2 The Question Raised 3 The Characteristics of Gas Reservoir Traps Under the Background of Low Amplitude Structure 4 Gas and Water Distribution Control Factors 5 Summary of Gas-Water Distribution Pattern 6 Suggestions on Development Work 7 Conclusion References Quantitative Evaluation and Reservoir Division of Tight Sandstone with High Water Content in He 8 and Shan1 Formation in Maogeitu Area, Ordos Basin 1 Introduction 2 Geological Survey of Production in Study Area 3 Quantitative Evaluation of High Water Cut Tight Sandstone Reservoir Parameters 3.1 Quantitative Calculation and Evaluation of Porosity 3.2 Permeability Quantitative Calculation and Evaluation 3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Water Saturation 4 High Water Cut Tight Sandstone Reservoir Division 5 Conclusion References Study on a Prediction Method of Hydraulic Units Using Logging Curves Constrained by Complex Lithofacies: A Case Study of the Tidal Estuarine Reservoir in Napo Formation, Oriente Basin 1 Forward 2 Lithofacies Classification 3 Porosity-Permeability Characteristics and Hydraulic Unit Types Constrained by Lithofacies 4 Predicting Well Log Hydraulic Units Based on the SVM Method 4.1 Extraction of Well-Logging Attributes and Construction of Sample Sets 4.2 Application of SVM Algorithm 5 Conclusion References Insights into Characterizing Pore Structures in Marine Shale of the Ordos Basin by LNG and SEM 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Information 2.1 Materials 2.2 LNG Experiment 2.3 SEM Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 LNG Results 3.2 SEM Results 4 Conclusion References Application of Distance-Based Clustering in the Evaluation of Fluvial Composite Sand-Body: A Case Study of the Minghua Town Formation in the North Area of Q Oilfield 1 Introduction 2 Fluvial Facies Composite Sand Reservoir Configuration 2.1 Configuration Hierarchy of Composite Sand Reservoir in Fluvial Facies 2.2 Configuration Styles of Fluvial Composite Sand Reservoir 3 Based on Principal Component Analysis Hierarchical Clustering Reservoir Quality Evaluation Method 3.1 Principal Component Analysis 3.2 Principle of Distance-Based Hierarchical Clustering 3.3 Reservoir Quality Evaluation Based on Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering 4 Evaluation Parameters for Quality of Composite Sandstone Reservoirs 4.1 Reservoir Geometry Parameters 4.2 Reservoir Vertical Structural Parameters 4.3 Reservoir Planar Connectivity Parameters 4.4 Reservoir Properties and Heterogeneity Parameters 5 Example Application 5.1 Fluvial Facies Reservoir Characteristics of Minghua Town Group in Q Oilfield 5.2 Evaluation Process of Complex Sand Reservoirs 5.3 Evaluation Results of Composite Sand Reservoir Quality 6 Conclusion References Research Progress of Micro-CT in the Field of Petroleum Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Micro-CT Technology Characteristics and Principles 2.1 Technical Characteristics 2.2 Principles 3 Micro-CT Technology Characteristics and Principles 3.1 Microscopic Characterization of Reservoir Structures 3.2 Analysis of Rock and Mineral Properties 3.3 Digital Rock Simulation 3.4 Non-destructive Analysis of Rubber Materials 4 Outlook or Prospects References Hydrothermal Process Features and Formation Mechanism of Middle-Lower Ordovician Dolomite Reservoir in