Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2021 (Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering)

526804_1_En_OFC 526804_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Contents 526804_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF Evaluation of Shale Oil Reservoir Capacity and Mobility Based on Rock Facies: A Case Study of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag 1 Research and Existing Problems of Dongying Sag 2 Rock Facies Type and Characteristics 2.1 Laminated Limy (Dolomitic) Mudstone Facies Rich in Organic Matter 2.2 Limy (Dolomitic) Mudstone Facies with Rich Organic Matter 2.3 Laminated Limy (Dolomitic)mudstone Facies with Medium Organic Matter 2.4 Thin-Bedded Limy (Dolomitic)mudstone Facies with Poor Organic Matter 3 Reservoir Space Type and Characteristics 3.1 Intercrystal Pore 3.2 Carbonate Dissolution Pore 3.3 Detrital Intergranular Pores 3.4 Shrinkage Pores/Cracks in Clay 3.5 Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Fractures 4 Comprehensive Evaluation of Shale Oil Mobility 4.1 Hydrogen Index and Maximum Pyrolysis Peak Temperature 4.2 Oil Saturation Index 4.3 Mineral Composition and Bedding Structure 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF The Simulation Experiment Study of Sand Body Distribution and Transport in Braided Delta in Alaer Area, Qaidam Basin 1 Experimental Scheme and Parameter Design 1.1 Experimental Scheme 1.2 Parameter Design 2 Analysis of Evolution Process of Sand Body Distribution in Experiment 2.1 Changes in the Plane of the Braided Triangle 2.2 Change of Sand Body Growth Rate 2.3 The Rise and Fall of Lake Level Affects the Distribution of Sand Body 3 The Inflow Condition is Closely Related to the Accretion Morphology of Braided Delta Sand Body 4 Analysis of Long Distance Transportation Mode of Sand Body in the Experiment 4.1 Replacement Transportation of Sand Body 4.2 Stage Transportation of Sand Body 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Multi-level and High-Resolution Discrete Fracture Modeling Based on Unstructured Grid in Fractured Reservoir Simulation Study 1 Introduction 2 The Integrated Approach 3 Field Application 3.1 Prediction of Fracture Density and Azimuth Angle 3.2 Multi-scale Discrete Fracture Construction 3.3 Generating Unstructured Grid 3.4 Flow Simulation and History Matching 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on Logging Identification Method of Complex Lithology in X Oilfield 1 Introduction 2 Analysis of Lithologic Response Characteristics 3 Logging Data Preprocessing 4 Lithology Identification Method 5 Application Effect 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF Integrated Technologies for Enhancing Heavy Oil Production of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 Brief Description of the Reservoir 3 Production Challenges and Solutions 3.1 Production Challenges 3.2 Solutions 4 In-house Studies and Integrated Technologies 4.1 Studies of Heavy Oil Properties 4.2 Studies of Sensitivities of Reservoir to Different Working Fluids 4.3 Optimization of Steam Stimulation Parameters 4.4 Optimization of Well Pattern and Horizontal Well Length 4.5 Well Completion and Sand Control 4.6 Reduction of the Viscosity of Oil and Water Mixture in Wellbore 5 Field Implementation 6 Conclusion and Recommendation References 526804_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Seismic Inversion Constraint Modeling Technology in Reservoir Description of Dense Well Pattern Area 1 Introduction 2 Method Principle 2.1 MCMC Stochastic Inversion 2.2 Multipoint Geostatistics 3 Application Examples 3.1 Overview of the Study Area 3.2 MCMC Stochastic Inversion 3.3 Establishment of Reservoir Model 3.4 Model Evaluation and Application 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF Development and Prospect of Coalbed Methane Gathering and Transportation Technology 1 Introduction 2 Progress of CBM Gathering and Transportation Technology 2.1 Well Site or Wellpad 2.2 Optimization Design and Operation of Gas Gathering Network 2.3 Coal Bed Gas Field Products Treatment [7–10] 2.4 Produced Water Treatment of Coalbed Methane 3 Problems Existing in CBM Gathering and Transportation Technology 3.1 The Design Reference Specification is not Detailed Enough and the Standard is High 3.2 Low Load Rate of Gathering and Transportation Facilities 3.3 The Existing Gathering and Transportation Mode is not Conducive to the Pressure Adjustment of CBM Gathering and Transportation Network 3.4 The Produced Water is Difficult to Process to Disposal Standard With the Low Cost 4 Development Trend Analysis of Coalbed Methane Gathering and Transportation Technology 4.1 New Design Concept for Gathering and Transportation of Coal Bed Methane 4.2 Integrated Design to Optimize Development Quantities [12] 5 Application of Low Cost New Pipeline Materials 5.1 Treatment Technology of Produced Water 5.2 Optimization of Pressurization Mode of Gathering and Transportation System 5.3 Digital Intelligent Technology References 526804_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF Large-Scale Dual-Packer Drag Type Multi-stage Fracturing Technology for Horizontal Wells 1 Introduction 2 String Composition of Large-Scale Dual-Packer Drag Type Multi-stage Fracturing Technology 3 The Redress Kits and Technology Research 3.1 K344-110 Inflatable Packer with Small Diameter 3.2 Development of Packing Element in Small-Diameter K344-110 Packer 3.3 Pressure Transmitting Sand Jet 3.4 Pressure Controlled BOP (Blowout Preventer) 4 Field Application and Effect 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Drilling Engineering Monitoring and Remote Support Technology for CNPC Key Wells 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Remote Technical Support for Drilling Operations 2.1 Development History of Drilling Remote Support Technology 2.2 Concept of Remote Drilling Support Technology 2.3 The Connotation of Drilling Remote Support Technology 3 Business Requirements for Drilling Operation Intelligent Support 3.1 Real-Time Dynamic Monitoring and Analysis 3.2 MWD Remote Technical Support 3.3 Accident and Complex Failure Response Support 3.4 Re-optimization of Drilling Design 4 Research and Practice of Drilling Remote Support Technology 4.1 General Framework of EISC 4.2 Data Sharing and Governance 4.3 Specific Application Tools 4.4 Search on Remote Intelligent Support Process 4.5 KPI Dynamic Analysis 4.6 Complex Response to Drilling Accidents 4.7 Capacity Building for Horizontal Extension 4.8 Research on the Stability of Conventional Oil and Gas Well Lining 5 Prospects for the Application of Remote Support Technology for Drilling Operations 5.1 Wellbore Digital Twin 5.2 Integrated Intelligent Decision-Making for Geological Engineering 5.3 Immersive Digital Simulation 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF Inter-well Interference Analysis and Well Spacing Optimization for Multi-stage Fractured Horizontal Wells of Shale Gas Reservoirs Based on Multi-information 1 Introduction 2 Identify Inter-well Interference 3 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Multi-information 3.1 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Micro-seismic Information 3.2 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Tracer Information 3.3 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Adjacent Well Dynamic Interference Information 3.4 Determine Reasonable Well Spacing Based on Multi-information 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF Numerical Simulation of Casing Tensile Failure in Water Injection Wells 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of Seepage Induced Tensile Casing Damage 2.1 Theory and Mathematical Model of Seepage Flow 2.2 Tensile Damage Mechanism of Casing 2.3 Finite Element Simulation of Pressure Relief Seepage Field of Injection Well 3 Finite Element Simulation of Casing Tension Damage of Injection Well 3.1 Model and Boundary Conditions 3.2 Results of Vertical Displacement 3.3 Stress Results of Casing 3.4 Stress Results of Cement Ring 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF Characterization and Application of Tight Sandstone Reservoir Constrained by Horizontal Well - Taking the Southeast Block of Sulige Gas Field as an Example 1 General Situation of Regional Geology 2 Traditional Fine Description Method of Sand Body 2.1 Limitations of Traditional Descriptive Methods 2.2 Horizontal Well Constraint Concept 3 Fine Description of Sand Bodies Constrained by Horizontal Wells 3.1 Introduction of Drilling Data in Horizontal Well 3.2 Three-Dimensional Fine Description of Sand Body Constrained by Horizontal Well 4 Application 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Microbial Enhanced Plugging Removal and Recovery in Low Temperature and Low Permeability Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemical and Medium 2.2 Enrichment, Isolation and Screening of Fracturing Polymer Degrading Bacteria 2.3 16srDNA Identification of Degrading Bacteria 2.4 Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum Biodegradation Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Strain Identification Results and Characteristics 3.2 Evaluation of Degradation Performance of Fracturing Polymer of Strain GD-552 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF Synergistic Effects Between Associative Polymer and Different Types of Surfactants on Oil Production: A Visualized Micromodel Study 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Chemicals, Crude Oil and Brine 2.2 Rheology Measurement 2.3 IFT Measurement 2.4 Glass-Etched Micromodel Slice 2.5 Micromodel System and Setup 2.6 Micromodel Experimental Approaches 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Viscosity 3.2 IFT 3.3 Water Injection 3.4 Chemical Injection 3.5 Oil Production 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of VSP Technology in Salt Cavern Gas Storage 1 Introduction 2 Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation Methods 2.1 Acquisition Method 2.2 Processing and Interpretation Method 3 Application 3.1 Processing Results 3.2 Reflection Characteristics of Rock Salt Body 3.3 Structural Characteristics of Rock Salt Body 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF Production Prediction of Shale Oil Horizontal Wells Considering Energy Storage and Imbibition of Fracturing Fluid 1 Introduction 2 Physical Model 2.1 Description of Complex Fracture Networks 2.2 Relative Permeability Curve and Capillary Pressure Curve 3 Mathematical Model and Solution Method 3.1 Assumptions 3.2 Mathematical Model 3.3 Solution Method for Model 4 Calculation Results and Analysis 4.1 Characteristics of Oil Displacement by Imbibition 4.2 Effect of Shut-in Time on Oil Production 4.3 Effect of Fracturing Fluid Volume on Oil Production 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF Optimized Design of Horizontal Well Sidetracking in a Porous Carbonate Reservoir with Thief Zone 1 Introduction 2 Production Characteristics of a Porous Carbonate Reservoir with Thief Zone 3 Flooded Zone Analysis and Remaining Oil Study 4 Sidetracking Plan Design of Existed Horizontal Producers 4.1 Sidetracking Candidate Selection Criteria 4.2 Sidetracking Trajectory Optimization Study 5 Production Performance Prediction of Sidetracking Branched Wells 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF Development and Application of an Experimental Evaluation Device for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 1 The Introduction 1.1 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Experimental Evaluation Equipment and Supporting Facilities 2 Experimental Procedures 3 Analysis and Processing of Experimental Data 3.1 Flow Pattern Identification Method 3.2 Prediction Model of Pressure Drop of Water Producing Gas Well 3.3 Establish a New Pressure Drop Model for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 526804_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF Risk Assessment Index System and Quantitative Assessment Method for Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 1 Introduction 2 Risk Categories and Main Control Factors of Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 2.1 Country Risks and Main Control Factors 2.2 Technical Risks and Main Control Factors 3 Risk Assessment Index System and Quantitative Risk Assessment 3.1 Risk Assessment Indicator System 3.2 Judgement Matrix of Risk Factor Through the AHP 3.3 Weight Calculation of Risk Indicators 3.4 Consistency Test of Judgment Matrix 4 Example of Quantitative Risk Assessment of Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 4.1 Determine the Weight Value of the Risk Factor Criteria Layer and the Scheme Layer of the Overseas Project Risk Factors 4.2 Determine the Country Risk and Technical Risk Values of Each Overseas Project (Scheme) 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF New Applications of Integrated Progressive Exploration and Development Technology in Complex Faulted Basin 1 Introduction 2 Integrated Trap Identification Technology 2.1 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Seismic Processing Interactively 2.2 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Geology Understanding 2.3 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Time and Spatial Data 3 Applications 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_21_Chapter_OnlinePDF The Reservoir Quality and Impacting Factor Evaluation of Three Kinds of Gravity Current Systems in Miocene of the Ying-Qiong Basins, Northwest of South China Sea 1 Introduction 2 Geological Settings 3 Data Preparation 4 Reservoir Qualities 4.1 Petrological Characteristics 4.2 Pore Structure 4.3 Physical Properties 5 Main Impacting Factors 5.1 Sedimentary Factors 5.2 Diagenetic Factors 6 Comprehensive Evaluation of Reservoir Quality and Its Control Factors 7 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_22_Chapter_OnlinePDF A Robust and Practical Modeling and Simulation Workflow with a Non-intrusive EDFM Method for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Embedded Discrete Fracture Model 3 3D Geological Model of BC Basement Reservoir 3.1 Matrix Model 3.2 DFN Model 3.3 DFN Model Calibration with EDFM for Individual Well 4 Reservoir Simulation of BC Reservoir 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_23_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Q-field Modeling Method Based on Well-Seismic Matching in Viscoelastic Pre-stack Time Migration 1 Introduction 2 Principles 2.1 Prestack Time Migration in Viscoelastic Media 2.2 Method and Principle of Synthetic Record 2.3 Process of Well Seismic Matching Method 3 Example 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_24_Chapter_OnlinePDF Characterization of Barrier and Interlayer in Thick Bioclastic Limestone Reservoir in a Oilfield, Middle East 1 Introduction 2 Regional Geological Features 3 Identification and Classification of Barrier and Interlayer 4 Division and Logging Criteria for Barrier and Interlayer 5 Barrier and Interlayer Characterization 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_25_Chapter_OnlinePDF Performance Evaluation of a Surfmer as a Multifunctional Chemical for Chemical Flooding 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Copolymer AM/AANa/Surfmer 2.3 Surface Tension Measurement 2.4 Interfacial Tension Measurement 2.5 Apparent Viscosity Measurement of Solution 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Critical Micellar Concentration of Surfmer 3.2 Interfacial Tension Between Oil and Surfmer Solutions 3.3 Solution Viscosity vs. Surfmer Concentration 3.4 Performances of Synthesized Copolymer 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_26_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of 3D Geological Modeling Technology for Horizontal Well Based on Data Fusion of Multiple Sources 1 Introduction 2 Application of 3D Geological Model Based on Multi Source Data Fusion 2.1 Fine Prediction of Sand Body Space and Deployment of Well Location 2.2 Optimization of Horizontal Well Trajectory Design 2.3 Horizontal Well Steering Dynamic Tracking 3 Application Effect Evaluation 3.1 Improve Drilling Effect of Horizontal Well 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_27_Chapter_OnlinePDF Comprehensive Prediction Method for Sweet Spot Area of Coalbed Methane 1 Introduction 2 Geological Parameter Index 3 Calculation Method 4 The Example Analysis 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_28_Chapter_OnlinePDF Challenges and Solutions of Drilling of Geothermal Well RDR5-1 1 Preface 2 General Information of Well RDR5-1 2.1 Geological Conditions 2.2 Basic Situation of Drilling 3 Drilling Difficulties and Technical Solutions 3.1 Drilling of Large Surface Wellbore 3.2 Directional Drilling of Shallow Large Borehole 3.3 Drilling Technology for Fractured Buried Hill Formations 3.4 Buried Hill ROP Increase Technology 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_29_Chapter_OnlinePDF Tidal Channel Sedimentary Characteristics and Reservoir Distribution of Carbonate, W Field in the Middle East 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Tidal Channel Characteristics 3.1 Lithologicelectric Properties and Seismic Characteristics of Tidal Channel 3.2 Tidal Channel Distribution Characteristics 3.3 Reservoir Distribution Characteristics 4 Sedimentary Model of Tidal Channel 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_30_Chapter_OnlinePDF A Method for Calculating Sweep Efficiency Based on Historical Production Data 1 Introduction 2 Establishment of Mathematic Model 3 Waterflooding Charts and Results Analysis 3.1 The Different Initial Conditions and Same Termination Conditions 3.2 The Same Initial Conditions and Different Termination Conditions 3.3 Different Initial Conditions and Different End Conditions 4 Example of Application 4.1 Heavy Oil Field 4.2 Low Viscosity Crude Oil Field 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_31_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Dissolution Law of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plug in Shale Gas Development 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Main Reagents and Instruments 2.2 Processing of Experimental Samples of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plugs 2.3 Experiment of Soluble Alloy Bridge 2.4 Determination of Dissolution Rate 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Composition of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plug 3.2 Effect of Temperature on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 3.3 Effect of Chloride Ion on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 3.4 Effect of Ammonium Chloride on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_32_Chapter_OnlinePDF Prediction of Thin Reservoir in Shushanhe Formation, Yingmaili 1-2 Area 1 Introduction 2 Technical Process of Joint Inversion 3 Analysis of Predictive Effect of Thin Reservoir 3.1 Logging Curve Processing 3.2 Analysis of Joint Inversion Effect 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_33_Chapter_OnlinePDF Effect of Pulsating Inlet Condition on Coalescence Performance of Down Hole Hydraulic Coalescer 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Working Principle 3 Modeling and Meshing 4 Numerical Simulation Method and Boundary Conditions 5 Result Analysis 5.1 Effect of Different Pulsation Periods on Coalescence Performance 5.2 Effect of Different Pulsation Amplitude on Coalescence Performance 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_34_Chapter_OnlinePDF Parameters Optimization of Acid Gas Injection in Abnormal High Pressure Carbonate Reservoir 1 Introduction 2 PVT Parameters Fitting of Crude Oil 3 Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Model 4 Parameters Optimization 4.1 Effect of Injection Gas Composition 4.2 Effect of Recovery Rate 4.3 Effect of Reinjection Ratio 4.4 Effect of Reinjection Timing 4.5 Effect of Well Pattern and Well Spacing 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_35_Chapter_OnlinePDF Distribution Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs of Xujiahe Formation in Central Sichuan Basin 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Exploration Challenges of Xujiahe Tight Gas Reservoir 3.1 Fine Stratigraphic Division 3.2 Fine Structural Interpretation 3.3 Reinterpretation of Effective Reserviors 3.4 Fine Analysis of Gas Reserviors 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_36_Chapter_OnlinePDF Influence Law of High Permeability Strip on Development in Strongly Heterogeneous Thick Carbonate Reservoir 1 Preface 2 Influence of HPS Permeability on Development 3 Influence of HPS Avoidance Strategy on Development 4 Impact of Well Type on Development in Thick Reservoir with HPS 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_37_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Tracing Well Test in the Gas Field of Multi-strata 1 Classification and Characteristics of Geological Reservoir Types 2 Tracking Well Testing Technology 3 Example Analysis of Application 3.1 Example Analysis of Tracking Well Test 3.2 Well Test Curve Characteristics of Each Formation 3.3 Classification of Dynamic Well Test Curves 3.4 Development Adjustment Countermeasures for Different Reservoir Types 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_38_Chapter_OnlinePDF Integrated Technical and Economic Appraisal Screen on Thermal Production Technologies for the Shallow Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoir in Venezuela 1 Overview 1.1 Crude Production in Free-Fall with No Sign of Shallowing Declines 1.2 Crude Oil Exports Decreased, Especially Exports to the United States 1.3 Some International Companies Have Withdrawn, But Key International Partners Remain Operational 2 Options of Main Technique of Oilfield Development for X Project 2.1 Option 1, Cold Production by Nature Energy Depletion 2.2 Option 2, CSS 2.3 MCTF Huff-n-Puff 3 Scenario Analysis 3.1 Scenario 1, Brent Price Scenario 3.2 Scenario 2, Tax Incentives Scenario 3.3 Scenario 3, Capex Decrease Scenario 3.4 Scenario 4, Carbon Neutrality Scenario for Heavy Oil 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_39_Chapter_OnlinePDF Discussion on Some Economic and Technical Issues of Large-Scale Development of Deep Shale Gas in China 1 Evaluation Method and Parameters of Economic Benefit of Shale Gas Wells 1.1 Method of Economic Evaluation 1.2 Selection of Evaluation Parameters 2 Three Key Economic and Technical Issues of Shale Gas Economic and Beneficial Development 2.1 Economic and Technological Limits of Beneficial Development 2.2 The Rapid Benefit Evaluation Index System of New Projects Can Quickly Judge Their Benefit Levels 2.3 Evaluation on Development Effect of Different Production Proration Modes 3 Conclusion and Understanding References 526804_1_En_40_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Fracture Damage of Shale Reservoir Caused by High Salinity Flowback Fracturing Fluid 1 Introduction 2 Shale Samples and Experimental Methods 2.1 Samples’ Description 2.2 Experimental Fluid 2.3 Experimental Method and Device 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Water Phase Trap 4.2 Salt Crystallization 4.3 Inorganic Scale 4.4 Fine Migration 5 Environmental Protection and Fracturing Fluid Retention 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_41_Chapter_OnlinePDF Natural Fracture Characterization of Granite Buried Hill Reservoir and Its Related Well Pattern Placement 1 Preface 2 Geological Background of the Study Area 3 Fracture Identification and Modeling by Multi-data Fusion 3.1 Identification of Large-Scale Fault Based on Seismic Data 3.2 Identification of Medium and Small Scale Fractures Based on Core/Logging 3.3 Reservoir Zone Division and Characteristic Analysis 3.4 Finite Element Simulation of Structural Stress in Borehole/Field Area 3.5 Analysis of Main Controlling Factors of Natural Fracture Development 3.6 Three-Dimensional Discrete Fracture Model Establishment 4 Relationship Between Natural Fractures and Well Pattern Deployment 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_42_Chapter_OnlinePDF Optimization of Natural Gas Gravity Flooding Well Pattern in Low Dip Laminated Sandstone Reservoir 1 Block Profile 2 Buffer Development Effect Evaluation 2.1 The Perforation Situation Shows that There is no Perforation Within 300 m of the Buffer Zone from the Gas Boundary, and the Proportion of Perforation Outside 300 m is 8.6%, Which is Mainly Concentrated in the Basic Well Pattern 2.2 Water-Out Situation Shows that with the Increase of the Distance from Gas Boundary, the Water-Out Ratio of Reservoir Increases Gradually and the Utilization Degree Increases Continuously 2.3 The Numerical Simulation Study Shows that the Original Gas Cap of SIII 1–7 Basically Disappears, and the Buffer Recovery Degree is 24.80% 3 Gravity Drive Minimum Miscible Pressure Test 4 Optimization and Deployment of Gravity Flooding Well Pattern 4.1 Ratio of Injection-Production Wells 4.2 Well Pattern Deployment 4.3 Optimization of Gas Injection Parameters 5 Development Effect Prediction 6 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_43_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Fracturing Sand Control Technology Optimization in Medium and Low Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoirs 1 Characteristics and Development Difficulties of Medium and Low Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoirs 1.1 Research Block Reservoir Characteristics 1.2 Development Difficulties 2 Optimization of Fracturing Sand Control Technology 2.1 Advantages of Fracturing and Sand Control 2.2 Adaptability Analysis of Fracturing and Sand Control 2.3 Optimization of Fracturing Sand Control Technology 3 Field Application and Effect Analysis 3.1 The Steam Injection Pressure Decreases After Fracturing and Sand Control 3.2 Achieve Effective Development of Low-Permeability Thin-Bed Heavy Oil Reservoirs 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 526804_1_En_44_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Casing Sticking and Plugging Technology in Long Span Casing Damaged Wells 1 Research Background 2 Technical Principle of Plugging Process 2.1 Design of Sticking Pipe 2.2 Auxiliary Process of Sticking and Blocking Construction 3 Field Application Examples 3.1 XXX-1 Water Well Large-Span Patching 3.2 XXX-2 Oil Well Small Casing Sticking Plugging 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_45_Chapter_OnlinePDF Fluid Characteristics Analysis and Development Well Type Optimization of Carbonate Gas Reservoir 1 Gas Field Overview 2 Fluid Characteristic Analysis 3 Gas Reservoir Type 4 Model Establishment 5 Optimization of Development Well Type 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_46_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on the Reasonable Limit for the Prevention and Control of Casing Damage in the Sa II 1-9 Layer 1 Foreword 2 Sa II 1-4 is a Casing Loss Sensitive Layer with a High Risk of Casing Loss 3 Sa II 1-4 Low Intensity Injection Has a Great Influence on the Development Effect 4 The Critical Injection Strength of Casing Loss is Determined by Reservoir Numerical Simulation Analysis 5 The Influence of Fracturing Measures on the Injection Strength Limit of Sa II 1-4 Formation is Quantified 6 Optimized the Injection Strength Design Criteria for Sa II 1-9 Layer 7 Through the Establishment of High Efficient Development Technology of Casing Damage Prevention in Sa II 1-9 Layers, the Application of Typical Blocks Has Gained Good Results 8 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_47_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Single Well Production and Water Cut Prediction 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Long and Short-Term Memory Neural Network 3 The Prediction Method and Technical Process 4 Case Study 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_48_Chapter_OnlinePDF Imbibition Characteristics and Model for Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir 1 Overview of the Study Area 2 Laboratory Experiment 2.1 Imbibition Experiment 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3 Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir Imbibition Chart 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_49_Chapter_OnlinePDF Risk Analysis and Value Evaluation Discussion of Overseas Oil and Gas Assets 1 Introduction 2 Main Risks of Overseas Oil and Gas Investment and Its Impact on Value Evaluation 2.1 Technical Risk 2.2 Non-technical Risks 3 The Application of Risk Analysis in Overseas Investment Project Evaluation 3.1 Evaluation with Technical Risks Included 3.2 Evaluation with Oil Price Fluctuation Superposed 3.3 Evaluation with Social Security Risks Superposed 4 Conclusion and Suggestions References 526804_1_En_50_Chapter_OnlinePDF Distribution of Residual Oil in Flow Units of Strongly Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoirs After Long Term Waterflooding 1 Introduction 2 Geological Condistions of K Oilfield 3 Concept and Classification of Flow Units 4 Optimization and Calculation of Parameters Characterizing Flow Units 4.1 Parameters Characterizing Flow Units 4.2 Discriminant Function and Identification of Flow Units 5 3D Geological Models of Dynamic Flow Units 6 Distribution of Residual Oil in Flow Units 7 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_51_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on a New Low Temperature (10–50 ℃) Organic Gel Profile Control System 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 2.1 Reagent 2.2 Experimental Device 2.3 Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Analysis of Molecular Structure of Crosslinking Agent 3.2 Effect of Polymer Dosage on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.3 Effect of Crosslinking Agent Dosage on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.4 Effect of Dosage of pH Regulator on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.5 Effect of Temperature on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.6 Effect of Salinity on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.7 Plugging Effect of Profile Control System 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_52_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on the Potential of Surfactant Flooding in Low-Viscosity Reservoir to Improve Oil Recovery 1 Preface 2 Surfactant Selection 3 Homogeneous Model Surfactant Flooding Experiment After Water Flooding at Different Speeds 3.1 Surfactant Flooding Dynamics 3.2 Comparison of Oil Displacement Effects of Different Surfactant Systems 3.3 Comparison of the Effect of Surfactant Flooding After Different Water Flooding Speeds 4 Result References 526804_1_En_53_Chapter_OnlinePDF Global Natural Gas Production and Development Status, Supply and Demand Situation Analysis and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 Global Natural Gas Production, Development Status and Characteristics 2.1 Distribution Characteristics of Natural Gas Resources/Reserves 2.2 Natural Gas Production Status 3 Global Natural Gas Supply, Demand and Trade Status 3.1 Current Status of Natural Gas Consumption, Supply and Demand 3.2 Current Status of Natural Gas Trade 3.3 Current Status of Global Natural Gas Prices 4 Outlook for Global Natural Gas Supply, Demand and Trade Trends 4.1 Outlook for Natural Gas Supply and Demand Trends 4.2 Outlook for Natural Gas Trade Trends 5 Current Status and Trend of China’s Natural Gas Consumption 5.1 Current Status of China’s Natural Gas Supply 5.2 Current Status and Trend of China’s Natural Gas Consumption 6 Conclusion and Su 526804_1_En_OFC 526804_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Contents 526804_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF Evaluation of Shale Oil Reservoir Capacity and Mobility Based on Rock Facies: A Case Study of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag 1 Research and Existing Problems of Dongying Sag 2 Rock Facies Type and Characteristics 2.1 Laminated Limy (Dolomitic) Mudstone Facies Rich in Organic Matter 2.2 Limy (Dolomitic) Mudstone Facies with Rich Organic Matter 2.3 Laminated Limy (Dolomitic)mudstone Facies with Medium Organic Matter 2.4 Thin-Bedded Limy (Dolomitic)mudstone Facies with Poor Organic Matter 3 Reservoir Space Type and Characteristics 3.1 Intercrystal Pore 3.2 Carbonate Dissolution Pore 3.3 Detrital Intergranular Pores 3.4 Shrinkage Pores/Cracks in Clay 3.5 Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Fractures 4 Comprehensive Evaluation of Shale Oil Mobility 4.1 Hydrogen Index and Maximum Pyrolysis Peak Temperature 4.2 Oil Saturation Index 4.3 Mineral Composition and Bedding Structure 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF The Simulation Experiment Study of Sand Body Distribution and Transport in Braided Delta in Alaer Area, Qaidam Basin 1 Experimental Scheme and Parameter Design 1.1 Experimental Scheme 1.2 Parameter Design 2 Analysis of Evolution Process of Sand Body Distribution in Experiment 2.1 Changes in the Plane of the Braided Triangle 2.2 Change of Sand Body Growth Rate 2.3 The Rise and Fall of Lake Level Affects the Distribution of Sand Body 3 The Inflow Condition is Closely Related to the Accretion Morphology of Braided Delta Sand Body 4 Analysis of Long Distance Transportation Mode of Sand Body in the Experiment 4.1 Replacement Transportation of Sand Body 4.2 Stage Transportation of Sand Body 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Multi-level and High-Resolution Discrete Fracture Modeling Based on Unstructured Grid in Fractured Reservoir Simulation Study 1 Introduction 2 The Integrated Approach 3 Field Application 3.1 Prediction of Fracture Density and Azimuth Angle 3.2 Multi-scale Discrete Fracture Construction 3.3 Generating Unstructured Grid 3.4 Flow Simulation and History Matching 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on Logging Identification Method of Complex Lithology in X Oilfield 1 Introduction 2 Analysis of Lithologic Response Characteristics 3 Logging Data Preprocessing 4 Lithology Identification Method 5 Application Effect 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF Integrated Technologies for Enhancing Heavy Oil Production of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 Brief Description of the Reservoir 3 Production Challenges and Solutions 3.1 Production Challenges 3.2 Solutions 4 In-house Studies and Integrated Technologies 4.1 Studies of Heavy Oil Properties 4.2 Studies of Sensitivities of Reservoir to Different Working Fluids 4.3 Optimization of Steam Stimulation Parameters 4.4 Optimization of Well Pattern and Horizontal Well Length 4.5 Well Completion and Sand Control 4.6 Reduction of the Viscosity of Oil and Water Mixture in Wellbore 5 Field Implementation 6 Conclusion and Recommendation References 526804_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Seismic Inversion Constraint Modeling Technology in Reservoir Description of Dense Well Pattern Area 1 Introduction 2 Method Principle 2.1 MCMC Stochastic Inversion 2.2 Multipoint Geostatistics 3 Application Examples 3.1 Overview of the Study Area 3.2 MCMC Stochastic Inversion 3.3 Establishment of Reservoir Model 3.4 Model Evaluation and Application 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF Development and Prospect of Coalbed Methane Gathering and Transportation Technology 1 Introduction 2 Progress of CBM Gathering and Transportation Technology 2.1 Well Site or Wellpad 2.2 Optimization Design and Operation of Gas Gathering Network 2.3 Coal Bed Gas Field Products Treatment [7–10] 2.4 Produced Water Treatment of Coalbed Methane 3 Problems Existing in CBM Gathering and Transportation Technology 3.1 The Design Reference Specification is not Detailed Enough and the Standard is High 3.2 Low Load Rate of Gathering and Transportation Facilities 3.3 The Existing Gathering and Transportation Mode is not Conducive to the Pressure Adjustment of CBM Gathering and Transportation Network 3.4 The Produced Water is Difficult to Process to Disposal Standard With the Low Cost 4 Development Trend Analysis of Coalbed Methane Gathering and Transportation Technology 4.1 New Design Concept for Gathering and Transportation of Coal Bed Methane 4.2 Integrated Design to Optimize Development Quantities [12] 5 Application of Low Cost New Pipeline Materials 5.1 Treatment Technology of Produced Water 5.2 Optimization of Pressurization Mode of Gathering and Transportation System 5.3 Digital Intelligent Technology References 526804_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF Large-Scale Dual-Packer Drag Type Multi-stage Fracturing Technology for Horizontal Wells 1 Introduction 2 String Composition of Large-Scale Dual-Packer Drag Type Multi-stage Fracturing Technology 3 The Redress Kits and Technology Research 3.1 K344-110 Inflatable Packer with Small Diameter 3.2 Development of Packing Element in Small-Diameter K344-110 Packer 3.3 Pressure Transmitting Sand Jet 3.4 Pressure Controlled BOP (Blowout Preventer) 4 Field Application and Effect 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Drilling Engineering Monitoring and Remote Support Technology for CNPC Key Wells 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Remote Technical Support for Drilling Operations 2.1 Development History of Drilling Remote Support Technology 2.2 Concept of Remote Drilling Support Technology 2.3 The Connotation of Drilling Remote Support Technology 3 Business Requirements for Drilling Operation Intelligent Support 3.1 Real-Time Dynamic Monitoring and Analysis 3.2 MWD Remote Technical Support 3.3 Accident and Complex Failure Response Support 3.4 Re-optimization of Drilling Design 4 Research and Practice of Drilling Remote Support Technology 4.1 General Framework of EISC 4.2 Data Sharing and Governance 4.3 Specific Application Tools 4.4 Search on Remote Intelligent Support Process 4.5 KPI Dynamic Analysis 4.6 Complex Response to Drilling Accidents 4.7 Capacity Building for Horizontal Extension 4.8 Research on the Stability of Conventional Oil and Gas Well Lining 5 Prospects for the Application of Remote Support Technology for Drilling Operations 5.1 Wellbore Digital Twin 5.2 Integrated Intelligent Decision-Making for Geological Engineering 5.3 Immersive Digital Simulation 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF Inter-well Interference Analysis and Well Spacing Optimization for Multi-stage Fractured Horizontal Wells of Shale Gas Reservoirs Based on Multi-information 1 Introduction 2 Identify Inter-well Interference 3 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Multi-information 3.1 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Micro-seismic Information 3.2 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Tracer Information 3.3 Quantify the Degree of IWI Based on Adjacent Well Dynamic Interference Information 3.4 Determine Reasonable Well Spacing Based on Multi-information 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF Numerical Simulation of Casing Tensile Failure in Water Injection Wells 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of Seepage Induced Tensile Casing Damage 2.1 Theory and Mathematical Model of Seepage Flow 2.2 Tensile Damage Mechanism of Casing 2.3 Finite Element Simulation of Pressure Relief Seepage Field of Injection Well 3 Finite Element Simulation of Casing Tension Damage of Injection Well 3.1 Model and Boundary Conditions 3.2 Results of Vertical Displacement 3.3 Stress Results of Casing 3.4 Stress Results of Cement Ring 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF Characterization and Application of Tight Sandstone Reservoir Constrained by Horizontal Well - Taking the Southeast Block of Sulige Gas Field as an Example 1 General Situation of Regional Geology 2 Traditional Fine Description Method of Sand Body 2.1 Limitations of Traditional Descriptive Methods 2.2 Horizontal Well Constraint Concept 3 Fine Description of Sand Bodies Constrained by Horizontal Wells 3.1 Introduction of Drilling Data in Horizontal Well 3.2 Three-Dimensional Fine Description of Sand Body Constrained by Horizontal Well 4 Application 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Microbial Enhanced Plugging Removal and Recovery in Low Temperature and Low Permeability Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemical and Medium 2.2 Enrichment, Isolation and Screening of Fracturing Polymer Degrading Bacteria 2.3 16srDNA Identification of Degrading Bacteria 2.4 Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum Biodegradation Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Strain Identification Results and Characteristics 3.2 Evaluation of Degradation Performance of Fracturing Polymer of Strain GD-552 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF Synergistic Effects Between Associative Polymer and Different Types of Surfactants on Oil Production: A Visualized Micromodel Study 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Chemicals, Crude Oil and Brine 2.2 Rheology Measurement 2.3 IFT Measurement 2.4 Glass-Etched Micromodel Slice 2.5 Micromodel System and Setup 2.6 Micromodel Experimental Approaches 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Viscosity 3.2 IFT 3.3 Water Injection 3.4 Chemical Injection 3.5 Oil Production 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of VSP Technology in Salt Cavern Gas Storage 1 Introduction 2 Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation Methods 2.1 Acquisition Method 2.2 Processing and Interpretation Method 3 Application 3.1 Processing Results 3.2 Reflection Characteristics of Rock Salt Body 3.3 Structural Characteristics of Rock Salt Body 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF Production Prediction of Shale Oil Horizontal Wells Considering Energy Storage and Imbibition of Fracturing Fluid 1 Introduction 2 Physical Model 2.1 Description of Complex Fracture Networks 2.2 Relative Permeability Curve and Capillary Pressure Curve 3 Mathematical Model and Solution Method 3.1 Assumptions 3.2 Mathematical Model 3.3 Solution Method for Model 4 Calculation Results and Analysis 4.1 Characteristics of Oil Displacement by Imbibition 4.2 Effect of Shut-in Time on Oil Production 4.3 Effect of Fracturing Fluid Volume on Oil Production 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF Optimized Design of Horizontal Well Sidetracking in a Porous Carbonate Reservoir with Thief Zone 1 Introduction 2 Production Characteristics of a Porous Carbonate Reservoir with Thief Zone 3 Flooded Zone Analysis and Remaining Oil Study 4 Sidetracking Plan Design of Existed Horizontal Producers 4.1 Sidetracking Candidate Selection Criteria 4.2 Sidetracking Trajectory Optimization Study 5 Production Performance Prediction of Sidetracking Branched Wells 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF Development and Application of an Experimental Evaluation Device for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 1 The Introduction 1.1 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Experimental Evaluation Equipment and Supporting Facilities 2 Experimental Procedures 3 Analysis and Processing of Experimental Data 3.1 Flow Pattern Identification Method 3.2 Prediction Model of Pressure Drop of Water Producing Gas Well 3.3 Establish a New Pressure Drop Model for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 526804_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF Risk Assessment Index System and Quantitative Assessment Method for Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 1 Introduction 2 Risk Categories and Main Control Factors of Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 2.1 Country Risks and Main Control Factors 2.2 Technical Risks and Main Control Factors 3 Risk Assessment Index System and Quantitative Risk Assessment 3.1 Risk Assessment Indicator System 3.2 Judgement Matrix of Risk Factor Through the AHP 3.3 Weight Calculation of Risk Indicators 3.4 Consistency Test of Judgment Matrix 4 Example of Quantitative Risk Assessment of Overseas Oil and Gas Projects 4.1 Determine the Weight Value of the Risk Factor Criteria Layer and the Scheme Layer of the Overseas Project Risk Factors 4.2 Determine the Country Risk and Technical Risk Values of Each Overseas Project (Scheme) 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF New Applications of Integrated Progressive Exploration and Development Technology in Complex Faulted Basin 1 Introduction 2 Integrated Trap Identification Technology 2.1 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Seismic Processing Interactively 2.2 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Geology Understanding 2.3 Integrated Seismic Interpretation Technology with Time and Spatial Data 3 Applications 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_21_Chapter_OnlinePDF The Reservoir Quality and Impacting Factor Evaluation of Three Kinds of Gravity Current Systems in Miocene of the Ying-Qiong Basins, Northwest of South China Sea 1 Introduction 2 Geological Settings 3 Data Preparation 4 Reservoir Qualities 4.1 Petrological Characteristics 4.2 Pore Structure 4.3 Physical Properties 5 Main Impacting Factors 5.1 Sedimentary Factors 5.2 Diagenetic Factors 6 Comprehensive Evaluation of Reservoir Quality and Its Control Factors 7 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_22_Chapter_OnlinePDF A Robust and Practical Modeling and Simulation Workflow with a Non-intrusive EDFM Method for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Embedded Discrete Fracture Model 3 3D Geological Model of BC Basement Reservoir 3.1 Matrix Model 3.2 DFN Model 3.3 DFN Model Calibration with EDFM for Individual Well 4 Reservoir Simulation of BC Reservoir 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_23_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Q-field Modeling Method Based on Well-Seismic Matching in Viscoelastic Pre-stack Time Migration 1 Introduction 2 Principles 2.1 Prestack Time Migration in Viscoelastic Media 2.2 Method and Principle of Synthetic Record 2.3 Process of Well Seismic Matching Method 3 Example 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_24_Chapter_OnlinePDF Characterization of Barrier and Interlayer in Thick Bioclastic Limestone Reservoir in a Oilfield, Middle East 1 Introduction 2 Regional Geological Features 3 Identification and Classification of Barrier and Interlayer 4 Division and Logging Criteria for Barrier and Interlayer 5 Barrier and Interlayer Characterization 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_25_Chapter_OnlinePDF Performance Evaluation of a Surfmer as a Multifunctional Chemical for Chemical Flooding 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Copolymer AM/AANa/Surfmer 2.3 Surface Tension Measurement 2.4 Interfacial Tension Measurement 2.5 Apparent Viscosity Measurement of Solution 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Critical Micellar Concentration of Surfmer 3.2 Interfacial Tension Between Oil and Surfmer Solutions 3.3 Solution Viscosity vs. Surfmer Concentration 3.4 Performances of Synthesized Copolymer 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_26_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of 3D Geological Modeling Technology for Horizontal Well Based on Data Fusion of Multiple Sources 1 Introduction 2 Application of 3D Geological Model Based on Multi Source Data Fusion 2.1 Fine Prediction of Sand Body Space and Deployment of Well Location 2.2 Optimization of Horizontal Well Trajectory Design 2.3 Horizontal Well Steering Dynamic Tracking 3 Application Effect Evaluation 3.1 Improve Drilling Effect of Horizontal Well 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_27_Chapter_OnlinePDF Comprehensive Prediction Method for Sweet Spot Area of Coalbed Methane 1 Introduction 2 Geological Parameter Index 3 Calculation Method 4 The Example Analysis 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_28_Chapter_OnlinePDF Challenges and Solutions of Drilling of Geothermal Well RDR5-1 1 Preface 2 General Information of Well RDR5-1 2.1 Geological Conditions 2.2 Basic Situation of Drilling 3 Drilling Difficulties and Technical Solutions 3.1 Drilling of Large Surface Wellbore 3.2 Directional Drilling of Shallow Large Borehole 3.3 Drilling Technology for Fractured Buried Hill Formations 3.4 Buried Hill ROP Increase Technology 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_29_Chapter_OnlinePDF Tidal Channel Sedimentary Characteristics and Reservoir Distribution of Carbonate, W Field in the Middle East 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Tidal Channel Characteristics 3.1 Lithologicelectric Properties and Seismic Characteristics of Tidal Channel 3.2 Tidal Channel Distribution Characteristics 3.3 Reservoir Distribution Characteristics 4 Sedimentary Model of Tidal Channel 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_30_Chapter_OnlinePDF A Method for Calculating Sweep Efficiency Based on Historical Production Data 1 Introduction 2 Establishment of Mathematic Model 3 Waterflooding Charts and Results Analysis 3.1 The Different Initial Conditions and Same Termination Conditions 3.2 The Same Initial Conditions and Different Termination Conditions 3.3 Different Initial Conditions and Different End Conditions 4 Example of Application 4.1 Heavy Oil Field 4.2 Low Viscosity Crude Oil Field 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_31_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Dissolution Law of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plug in Shale Gas Development 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Main Reagents and Instruments 2.2 Processing of Experimental Samples of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plugs 2.3 Experiment of Soluble Alloy Bridge 2.4 Determination of Dissolution Rate 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Composition of Soluble Alloy Bridge Plug 3.2 Effect of Temperature on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 3.3 Effect of Chloride Ion on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 3.4 Effect of Ammonium Chloride on Dissolution Rate of Alloy Material 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_32_Chapter_OnlinePDF Prediction of Thin Reservoir in Shushanhe Formation, Yingmaili 1-2 Area 1 Introduction 2 Technical Process of Joint Inversion 3 Analysis of Predictive Effect of Thin Reservoir 3.1 Logging Curve Processing 3.2 Analysis of Joint Inversion Effect 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_33_Chapter_OnlinePDF Effect of Pulsating Inlet Condition on Coalescence Performance of Down Hole Hydraulic Coalescer 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Working Principle 3 Modeling and Meshing 4 Numerical Simulation Method and Boundary Conditions 5 Result Analysis 5.1 Effect of Different Pulsation Periods on Coalescence Performance 5.2 Effect of Different Pulsation Amplitude on Coalescence Performance 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_34_Chapter_OnlinePDF Parameters Optimization of Acid Gas Injection in Abnormal High Pressure Carbonate Reservoir 1 Introduction 2 PVT Parameters Fitting of Crude Oil 3 Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Model 4 Parameters Optimization 4.1 Effect of Injection Gas Composition 4.2 Effect of Recovery Rate 4.3 Effect of Reinjection Ratio 4.4 Effect of Reinjection Timing 4.5 Effect of Well Pattern and Well Spacing 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_35_Chapter_OnlinePDF Distribution Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs of Xujiahe Formation in Central Sichuan Basin 1 Introduction 2 Geological Background 3 Exploration Challenges of Xujiahe Tight Gas Reservoir 3.1 Fine Stratigraphic Division 3.2 Fine Structural Interpretation 3.3 Reinterpretation of Effective Reserviors 3.4 Fine Analysis of Gas Reserviors 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_36_Chapter_OnlinePDF Influence Law of High Permeability Strip on Development in Strongly Heterogeneous Thick Carbonate Reservoir 1 Preface 2 Influence of HPS Permeability on Development 3 Influence of HPS Avoidance Strategy on Development 4 Impact of Well Type on Development in Thick Reservoir with HPS 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_37_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Tracing Well Test in the Gas Field of Multi-strata 1 Classification and Characteristics of Geological Reservoir Types 2 Tracking Well Testing Technology 3 Example Analysis of Application 3.1 Example Analysis of Tracking Well Test 3.2 Well Test Curve Characteristics of Each Formation 3.3 Classification of Dynamic Well Test Curves 3.4 Development Adjustment Countermeasures for Different Reservoir Types 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_38_Chapter_OnlinePDF Integrated Technical and Economic Appraisal Screen on Thermal Production Technologies for the Shallow Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoir in Venezuela 1 Overview 1.1 Crude Production in Free-Fall with No Sign of Shallowing Declines 1.2 Crude Oil Exports Decreased, Especially Exports to the United States 1.3 Some International Companies Have Withdrawn, But Key International Partners Remain Operational 2 Options of Main Technique of Oilfield Development for X Project 2.1 Option 1, Cold Production by Nature Energy Depletion 2.2 Option 2, CSS 2.3 MCTF Huff-n-Puff 3 Scenario Analysis 3.1 Scenario 1, Brent Price Scenario 3.2 Scenario 2, Tax Incentives Scenario 3.3 Scenario 3, Capex Decrease Scenario 3.4 Scenario 4, Carbon Neutrality Scenario for Heavy Oil 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_39_Chapter_OnlinePDF Discussion on Some Economic and Technical Issues of Large-Scale Development of Deep Shale Gas in China 1 Evaluation Method and Parameters of Economic Benefit of Shale Gas Wells 1.1 Method of Economic Evaluation 1.2 Selection of Evaluation Parameters 2 Three Key Economic and Technical Issues of Shale Gas Economic and Beneficial Development 2.1 Economic and Technological Limits of Beneficial Development 2.2 The Rapid Benefit Evaluation Index System of New Projects Can Quickly Judge Their Benefit Levels 2.3 Evaluation on Development Effect of Different Production Proration Modes 3 Conclusion and Understanding References 526804_1_En_40_Chapter_OnlinePDF Experimental Study on Fracture Damage of Shale Reservoir Caused by High Salinity Flowback Fracturing Fluid 1 Introduction 2 Shale Samples and Experimental Methods 2.1 Samples’ Description 2.2 Experimental Fluid 2.3 Experimental Method and Device 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Water Phase Trap 4.2 Salt Crystallization 4.3 Inorganic Scale 4.4 Fine Migration 5 Environmental Protection and Fracturing Fluid Retention 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_41_Chapter_OnlinePDF Natural Fracture Characterization of Granite Buried Hill Reservoir and Its Related Well Pattern Placement 1 Preface 2 Geological Background of the Study Area 3 Fracture Identification and Modeling by Multi-data Fusion 3.1 Identification of Large-Scale Fault Based on Seismic Data 3.2 Identification of Medium and Small Scale Fractures Based on Core/Logging 3.3 Reservoir Zone Division and Characteristic Analysis 3.4 Finite Element Simulation of Structural Stress in Borehole/Field Area 3.5 Analysis of Main Controlling Factors of Natural Fracture Development 3.6 Three-Dimensional Discrete Fracture Model Establishment 4 Relationship Between Natural Fractures and Well Pattern Deployment 5 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_42_Chapter_OnlinePDF Optimization of Natural Gas Gravity Flooding Well Pattern in Low Dip Laminated Sandstone Reservoir 1 Block Profile 2 Buffer Development Effect Evaluation 2.1 The Perforation Situation Shows that There is no Perforation Within 300 m of the Buffer Zone from the Gas Boundary, and the Proportion of Perforation Outside 300 m is 8.6%, Which is Mainly Concentrated in the Basic Well Pattern 2.2 Water-Out Situation Shows that with the Increase of the Distance from Gas Boundary, the Water-Out Ratio of Reservoir Increases Gradually and the Utilization Degree Increases Continuously 2.3 The Numerical Simulation Study Shows that the Original Gas Cap of SIII 1–7 Basically Disappears, and the Buffer Recovery Degree is 24.80% 3 Gravity Drive Minimum Miscible Pressure Test 4 Optimization and Deployment of Gravity Flooding Well Pattern 4.1 Ratio of Injection-Production Wells 4.2 Well Pattern Deployment 4.3 Optimization of Gas Injection Parameters 5 Development Effect Prediction 6 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_43_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Fracturing Sand Control Technology Optimization in Medium and Low Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoirs 1 Characteristics and Development Difficulties of Medium and Low Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoirs 1.1 Research Block Reservoir Characteristics 1.2 Development Difficulties 2 Optimization of Fracturing Sand Control Technology 2.1 Advantages of Fracturing and Sand Control 2.2 Adaptability Analysis of Fracturing and Sand Control 2.3 Optimization of Fracturing Sand Control Technology 3 Field Application and Effect Analysis 3.1 The Steam Injection Pressure Decreases After Fracturing and Sand Control 3.2 Achieve Effective Development of Low-Permeability Thin-Bed Heavy Oil Reservoirs 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 526804_1_En_44_Chapter_OnlinePDF Research and Application of Casing Sticking and Plugging Technology in Long Span Casing Damaged Wells 1 Research Background 2 Technical Principle of Plugging Process 2.1 Design of Sticking Pipe 2.2 Auxiliary Process of Sticking and Blocking Construction 3 Field Application Examples 3.1 XXX-1 Water Well Large-Span Patching 3.2 XXX-2 Oil Well Small Casing Sticking Plugging 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_45_Chapter_OnlinePDF Fluid Characteristics Analysis and Development Well Type Optimization of Carbonate Gas Reservoir 1 Gas Field Overview 2 Fluid Characteristic Analysis 3 Gas Reservoir Type 4 Model Establishment 5 Optimization of Development Well Type 6 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_46_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on the Reasonable Limit for the Prevention and Control of Casing Damage in the Sa II 1-9 Layer 1 Foreword 2 Sa II 1-4 is a Casing Loss Sensitive Layer with a High Risk of Casing Loss 3 Sa II 1-4 Low Intensity Injection Has a Great Influence on the Development Effect 4 The Critical Injection Strength of Casing Loss is Determined by Reservoir Numerical Simulation Analysis 5 The Influence of Fracturing Measures on the Injection Strength Limit of Sa II 1-4 Formation is Quantified 6 Optimized the Injection Strength Design Criteria for Sa II 1-9 Layer 7 Through the Establishment of High Efficient Development Technology of Casing Damage Prevention in Sa II 1-9 Layers, the Application of Typical Blocks Has Gained Good Results 8 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_47_Chapter_OnlinePDF Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Single Well Production and Water Cut Prediction 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Long and Short-Term Memory Neural Network 3 The Prediction Method and Technical Process 4 Case Study 5 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_48_Chapter_OnlinePDF Imbibition Characteristics and Model for Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir 1 Overview of the Study Area 2 Laboratory Experiment 2.1 Imbibition Experiment 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3 Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir Imbibition Chart 4 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_49_Chapter_OnlinePDF Risk Analysis and Value Evaluation Discussion of Overseas Oil and Gas Assets 1 Introduction 2 Main Risks of Overseas Oil and Gas Investment and Its Impact on Value Evaluation 2.1 Technical Risk 2.2 Non-technical Risks 3 The Application of Risk Analysis in Overseas Investment Project Evaluation 3.1 Evaluation with Technical Risks Included 3.2 Evaluation with Oil Price Fluctuation Superposed 3.3 Evaluation with Social Security Risks Superposed 4 Conclusion and Suggestions References 526804_1_En_50_Chapter_OnlinePDF Distribution of Residual Oil in Flow Units of Strongly Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoirs After Long Term Waterflooding 1 Introduction 2 Geological Condistions of K Oilfield 3 Concept and Classification of Flow Units 4 Optimization and Calculation of Parameters Characterizing Flow Units 4.1 Parameters Characterizing Flow Units 4.2 Discriminant Function and Identification of Flow Units 5 3D Geological Models of Dynamic Flow Units 6 Distribution of Residual Oil in Flow Units 7 Conclusions References 526804_1_En_51_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on a New Low Temperature (10–50 °C) Organic Gel Profile Control System 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 2.1 Reagent 2.2 Experimental Device 2.3 Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Analysis of Molecular Structure of Crosslinking Agent 3.2 Effect of Polymer Dosage on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.3 Effect of Crosslinking Agent Dosage on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.4 Effect of Dosage of pH Regulator on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.5 Effect of Temperature on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.6 Effect of Salinity on Gelation Time and Gel Strength 3.7 Plugging Effect of Profile Control System 4 Conclusion References 526804_1_En_52_Chapter_OnlinePDF Study on the Potential of Surfactant Flooding in Low-Viscosity Reservoir to Improve Oil Recovery 1 Preface 2 Surfactant Selection 3 Homogeneous Model Surfactant Flooding Experiment After Water Flooding at Different Speeds 3.1 Surfactant Flooding Dynamics 3.2 Comparison of Oil Displacement Effects of Different Surfactant Systems 3.3 Comparison of the Effect of Surfactant Flooding After Different Water Flooding Speeds 4 Result References 526804_1_En_53_Chapter_OnlinePDF Global Natural Gas Production and Development Status, Supply and Demand Situation Analysis and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 Global Natural Gas Production, Development Status and Characteristics 2.1 Distribution Characteristics of Natural Gas Resources/Reserves 2.2 Natural Gas Production Status 3 Global Natural Gas Supply, Demand and Trade Status 3.1 Current Status of Natural Gas Consumption, Supply and Demand 3.2 Current Status of Natural Gas Trade 3.3 Current Status of Global Natural Gas Prices 4 Outlook for Global Natural Gas Supply, Demand and Trade Trends 4.1 Outlook for Natural Gas Supply and Demand Trends 4.2 Outlook for Natural Gas Trade Trends 5 Current Status and Trend of China’s Natural Gas Consumption 5.1 Current Status of China’s Natural Gas Supply 5.2 Current Status and Trend of China’s Natural Gas Consumption 6 Conclusion and S