Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC-2019 Volume IV (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 138)

This book comprises select proceedings of the annual conference of the Indian Geotechnical Society. The conference brings together research and case histories on various aspects of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. The book presents papers on geotechnical applications and case histories, covering topics such as (i) Characterization of Geomaterials and Physical Modelling; (ii) Foundations and Deep Excavations; (iii) Soil Stabilization and Ground Improvement; (iv) Geoenvironmental Engineering and Waste Material Utilization; (v) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering; (vi) Earth Retaining Structures, Dams and Embankments; (vii) Slope Stability and Landslides; (viii) Transportation Geotechnics; (ix) Geosynthetics Applications; (x) Computational, Analytical and Numerical Modelling; (xi) Rock Engineering, Tunnelling and Underground Constructions; (xii) Forensic Geotechnical Engineering and Case Studies; and (xiii) Others Topics: Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils, Offshore and Marine Geotechnics, Remote Sensing and GIS, Field Investigations, Instrumentation and Monitoring, Retrofitting of Geotechnical Structures, Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Education, Codes and Standards, and other relevant topics. The contents of this book are of interest to researchers and practicing engineers alike. Preface Contents About the Editors An Experimental Study on Geopile Installed in Expansive Clay 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigation 2.1 Test Materials 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Heave Effect on Single Geopile 2.4 Heave Study for Two Geopile Filled with Different Material 2.5 Heave Study for Four Geopile Filled with Different Material 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Strength Properties of Cement-Stabilized Soil at Different Moulding Water Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 2 Materials 2.1 Natural Red Soil 3 Methodology 4 Correlations 5 Conclusions References Studies on Soil Heating Using Renewable Solar Energy 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 Experimental Programme 3.1 Components of Solar Heating Unit 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Temperature in Soil and Duration of Heating 4.2 Duration of Heating and Reduction in Water Content 4.3 Effect of Soil Heating on Vane Shear Strength 5 Conclusions References Effect of Lime and Road Building International Grade 81 on Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil 1 Introduction 1.1 Objective of Study 1.2 Scope of Study 2 Experimental Investigation 2.1 Material Used 2.2 Test Result 3 Conclusion References Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Colloidal Silica Stabilized Sand to Be Used as an Impervious Liner 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used for the Study 2.1 Properties of Sand Used for the Study 2.2 Properties of Colloidal Silica 3 Gelling Mechanism of Colloidal Silica 4 Experimental Procedures 4.1 Methods of Sample Preparation 4.2 Indirect Method to Measure Hydraulic Conductivity Using Oedometer 5 SEM Analysis 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity with Normal Stress 6.2 Microstructural Investigation of Sand Treated with Colloidal Silica 7 Conclusions References Stabilization of Subgrade Soil Using Nano-chemicals and Fly Ash 1 Introduction 1.1 Objective 1.2 Material Used in the Study 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Fly Ash Treated Soil 2.2 Nano-chemicals Treated Soil 2.3 Limitations 3 Conclusions References Study of Engineering Properties of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Quarry Dust and Fly Ash 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 2.1 Expansive Soil 2.2 Fly Ash 2.3 Quarry Dust 3 Test Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Admixture Proportion Versus Liquid Limit 4.2 Admixture Proportion Versus Plastic Limit 4.3 Admixture Proportion Versus Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) 4.4 Admixture Proportion Versus California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Value 4.5 Admixture Proportion Versus Free Swell Index (FSI) 5 Conclusion References Mitigating Problematic Expansive Soil by Using POFA, Lime and DRWPI 1 Introduction 1.1 Usage of Waste Materials 1.2 Need for the Study 2 Review of Literature 3 Methodology 3.1 Materials Used 3.2 Sample Preparation and Laboratory Testing 4 Discussion of Results 4.1 Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as Replacement in Expansive Clay 4.2 Effect of Lime on the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Modified Expansive Clay 4.3 Effect of Percentage of DRWPI as Discrete Reinforcement on the Properties of Treated Expansive Clay 4.4 Curing Studies on POFA and Lime-Modified Expansive Clay Mixed with Optimum DRWPI 5 Conclusions References Strength and Stiffness of Soils Under Salinity Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials Used 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Testing Specimen 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Failure Type 3.2 Stress Strain Behavior 3.3 Stress Versus Strain Graph 3.4 Variation in Strength 3.5 Modulus of Elasticity 3.6 Undrained Cohesion and Angle of Internal Friction 4 Conclusions References Review of the Nanomaterials Used for the Soil Stabilization 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature on Nano Additives in Stabilization of Soil 2.1 Atterberg’s Limits 2.2 Compaction Characteristics 2.3 Compressive Strength 2.4 California Bearing Ratio Value (CBR Value) 2.5 Permeability 3 Discussions 4 Conclusion References Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile 1 Introduction 2 Properties of Material 2.1 Index Properties of Expansive Soil 2.2 Microstructural Characteristics of Expansive Soil 2.3 Coir Geotextile 3 Experimental Program 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Enhancing the Properties of Expansive Soil Using Biopolymers—Xanthan Gum and Guar Gum 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Materials Used 2.2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Consolidated Drained Behaviour of Cemented Sands 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Laboratory Investigations 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Influence of Confining Pressure on Stress–Strain and Volumetric Response of Cemented Sands 4.2 Influence of Curing Period on Stress–Strain and Volumetric Response of Cemented Sands 4.3 Shear Strength Parameters of Cemented Sands 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study of Ultimate Load in Sandy Soil by Soil Nailing–Horizontal Nailed V/S Inclined Nailed 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 2.1 Model Tank and Loading Arrangement [1] 2.2 Model Wall Facing 2.3 Preparation of Nails 2.4 Testing Procedure [1] 2.5 Type of Sand and Its Properties 3 Comparative Study 3.1 Effect of L/H Ratio 3.2 Effect of Nail Inclination 4 Conclusion References Consolidated Undrained Behaviour of Cemented Sand–Silt Mixtures 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Laboratory Investigations 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Influence of Confining Pressure, Curing Period, Cement Percentage and Silt Content in Stress–Strain Behaviour of Cemented Sand–Silt Mixtures 4.2 Influence of Confining Pressure, Curing Period, Cement Percentage and Silt Content in Pore Water Pressure of Cemented Sand–Silt Mixtures 4.3 Shear Strength Parameters of Cemented Sand–Silt Mixtures 5 Conclusions References Long-term Durability of Ordinary Portland Cement and Polypropylene Fiber Stabilized Clay 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Durability Test Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Properties of Soil and Soil–cement Mixture 3.2 Durability Test Result 3.3 Durability Result Comparison 4 Conclusions References Topographic Amplification of Earthquake Ground Motion on Hills of Bell-Shaped Geometry 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Study 3 Modelling and Analysis 4 Model Validation 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Seismic Stability of Nailed Slopes for Undrained and Drained Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Properties of Materials Used 2.1 Properties of Soil 2.2 Properties of Nails 2.3 Properties of Footing 3 SMC File Characteristics 3.1 Mesh Model 4 Results 4.1 Effect of Loading on Undrained and Drained Virgin Soil Condition 4.2 Factor of Safety Calculation 4.3 Effect of Loading on Drained and Undrained Nailed Soils 4.4 Factor of Safety Relation 5 Conclusion References A New Technique to Avoid Tilting Problems During Liquefaction 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Design Criteria 3 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Effect of Degree of Saturation on Dynamic Properties of Solani Sand in Small Strain 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Sample Preparation and Test Procedure 3 Experimental Test Results 3.1 Dynamic Properties of Sand 3.2 Variation with Degree of Saturation 4 Conclusions References A Parametric Study of Estimating Index Properties and Compaction Characters of Kaolinite–Bentonite–Sand Mixtures 1 Introduction 1.1 General 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Assessment of SPT-Based Liquefaction Potential of Kalyani Region, Kolkata 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Cyclic Stress Ratio 3.2 Cyclic Resistance Ratio 3.3 Factor of Safety 4 Geotechnical Investigation 5 Result and Discussion 6 Summary and Conclusion References Effect of Soil Amplification on the Seismic Stability of Reinforced-Soil Wall for Cohesive Backfill with Uniform Surcharge 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Liquefaction Potential Assessment for Near Field and Far Field Ground Motion 1 Introduction 1.1 Determination of Liquefaction Potential 2 Sample Calculation for Bore Hole 3 Results and Conclusions References Experimental Study of Soil Amplification and Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction Performing Shake Table Test 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Mathematical Modelling 4 Methodology 4.1 Experimental Test 4.2 Numerical Modelling 5 Results 5.1 Shake Table Test 5.2 Response Analysis from DEEPSOIL 6 Discussion and Conclusions References A Review on the Seismic Vulnerability of Oil and Gas Pipelines in Guwahati City 1 Introduction 2 Tectonic Setting of Assam 3 Local Soil Condition of Guwahati City 4 Reports of Damages to Pipelines During Past EQs 4.1 1971 San Fernando EQ (Mw—6.6) 4.2 1985 Michoacan EQ (Mw—7.6) 4.3 1989 Loma Prieta EQ (Mw—6.9) 4.4 1994 Northridge EQ (Mw—6.7) 4.5 1999 Izmit EQ (Mw—7.6) 4.6 1999 Chi-Chi EQ (Mw—7.6) 5 State of the Art Seismic Vulnerability Studies for Pipelines 6 Details of Pipelines Passing Through Guwahati City 7 Effect of Pipeline Damage to Guwahati City from Future EQs 8 Conclusion References Nonlinear Rocking Stiffness of Combined Piled Raft Foundation 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of Piled Raft Foundation 3 Method of Analysis 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 M-θ Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation for a Different Factor of Safety (Fs) 4.2 Non-dimensional Rotational Stiffness with Respect to Rotation Angle (θ) for a Different Factor of Safety (Fs) 5 Summary and Conclusions References To Study Behavior of Piles in Liquefied Soil Using ANSYS 1 Introduction 1.1 Situations Where Liquefaction Occurs 1.2 Situations Where Liquefaction Is not Probable 2 Methodology 2.1 Details of Data Used for the Study of a Group of Piles (IS 2911-2010) 2.2 Properties of Materials 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of a Group of Circular Piles and a Group of Rectangular Piles with 2 × 2 Configuration (4 Piles) 3.2 Analysis of the Group of Circular Piles and a Group of Rectangular Piles with 2 × 3 Configuration (6 Piles) 4 Conclusion References Vulnerability Assessment of Pile Foundation in Soft Clay Incorporating SPSI 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of Structural System 3 Uncertainties in Modeling 3.1 Uncertainties in Input Motion and Generation of Artificial Ground Motion 3.2 Uncertainties in Soil Parameter 4 Dynamic Analysis 5 Fragility Curves Derivation 5.1 Intensity Measures (IMs) 5.2 Limit State Definition 5.3 Fitting of Curves 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusion References Influence of Low Permeability Capping Layers on Liquefaction Induced Failure in Stratified Ground 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Site Geology and Seismic History 2 Case Study 2.1 Event History 2.2 Site Investigation 2.3 1–D Model Tests 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Study on Cyclic Response of Dry Uniform Soil Deposit Using Shake Table Tests and DEEPSOIL Program 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Experimental Approach 3.1 Specification of Shake Table (Uniaxial) 3.2 Laboratory Soil Materials 3.3 Design of Soil Model 3.4 Instrumentation and Measurement 3.5 Laboratory Input Motion 3.6 Test Program 4 An Assessment of 1D Ground Response Analysis 4.1 Soil Column Models 4.2 Selection of Input Ground Motion 5 Analysis of Laboratory Model Test Result 5.1 Uniform Clay Soil Model (UCSM) 5.2 Uniform Sand Soil Model (USSM) 5.3 Uniform Gravel Soil Model (UGSM) 6 1D Ground Response Assessment Results 7 Conclusion References One-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis of Some Typical Sites in Ludhiana City 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Comparison Between Results of Dynamic Properties of Soil for Different Site Conditions Based on Seismic Crosshole Test and SPT 1 Introduction 2 Geotechnical Investigation 3 Geophysical Investigation 4 Test Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Pushover Analysis of R.C.C. Building Including 3D Soil–Structure Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Building Considered 3 Structural Modelling 3.1 Modelling Data 3.2 Material Specification 3.3 Loads Applied 4 Soil Type Considered 5 Foundation Modelling 5.1 Bearing Stiffness Parameters (Gazeta’s Equations) 6 Structural Unit Models (Fixed and Flexible Base Foundations) 7 Results and Discussion 7.1 Pushover Capacity Curves 7.2 Hinge Details 7.3 Pounding 7.4 Fundamental Period 7.5 Lateral Displacements 8 Conclusion References Nonlinear Sway–Rocking Stiffness of Pile Foundation 1 Introduction 2 System Modelling and Method of Analysis 2.1 Soil Modelling 2.2 Pile Modelling 2.3 Pile–Soil Contact Behaviour Modelling 2.4 Boundary Conditions 2.5 Application of Load 2.6 Analytical Approach 2.7 System Parameter 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of Fragility Curves for Pile Foundation in Liquefied Ground Using Nonlinear 3D Finite Element Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of Soil–Pile System 2.1 Pile Modeling 2.2 Soil Domain Modeling 3 Uncertainty Modeling of Ground Motion 4 Method of Analysis 5 Results and Discussion References Soil–Structure Interaction on Pile Raft Foundation in Multi-Story RC Building with Vertical Irregularity 1 Introduction 2 Producer for Seismic Examination 2.1 Static Load Method 2.2 Linear-Dynamic Statistical Analysis Method 2.3 Nonlinear Time History (TH) Method 3 Scientific Modeling 3.1 Structural Description and Soil Material Properties 4 Numeral Outcomes and Views 4.1 Drift Relation Reaction 4.2 Story Displacement Response 4.3 Story Shear Reaction 5 Conclusion References Effect of A-priori Information on the Uncertainties in MASW Test 1 Introduction 2 Model Considered 3 Analysis and Results 4 Conclusions References Seismic Response Analysis of Earth Dam Using PLAXIS 1 Introduction 2 Problem Configurations 3 Parametric Study of Dam 3.1 Convergence Test 3.2 Changes in Length/Boundary of Dam 3.3 Water Level 3.4 Young’s Modulus 4 Discussions References Stability of Arch Tunnel in Different Magnitude of Earthquake with Effect of Weathering in Western Ghats of India 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 2.1 Input Properties 2.2 Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of Empirical Correlation Between Standard Penetration Test and Shear Wave Velocity 1 Introduction 2 Study Region and Seismicity 3 Standard Penetration Test Number (SPT-N) 4 Acquisition of Geophysical Data 4.1 Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) 5 Development of Vs-SPT-N Correlations 6 Conclusion References Ground Response Study for Low Seismic Areas in Central Gujarat Region 1 Introduction 2 Study Region 3 Ground Response Analysis 3.1 Shear Wave Velocity Profile 3.2 Shear Modulus Reduction and Damping Curves 3.3 Ground Motion 4 Predominant Frequency 5 Peak Ground Acceleration at Surface 5.1 Spectral Acceleration 6 Conclusion References A Single Pile Located on Sloping Ground Under Dynamic Loading 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Numerical Modeling 3.1 Governing Factor 3.2 Constitutive Model 3.3 Geometry Model 3.4 Soil–Pile Interaction 3.5 Boundary Condition 3.6 Material Properties 3.7 Finite Element Mesh Generation and Calculation 4 Result and Discussions 4.1 Effect of L/D Ratio on Acceleration Curves for Horizontal and Sloping Ground 4.2 Effects of L/D Ratio and Slope on Displacement 4.3 Effects of L/D Ratio and Slope on Bending Moment 5 Conclusion References Shaking Table Tests on Liquefiable Sand Deposits Treated with Sand Compaction Piles 1 Introduction 2 Motivation and Objective 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Effect of Pore Water Pressure 5 Conclusions References Local Site Effects and Liquefaction Analysis of Multilayered Soil 1 Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Site Characterization 2 Methodology 2.1 Ground Response Analysis 2.2 Analysis Using Deep Soil 2.3 Input Motions 2.4 Liquefaction Hazard 3 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Seismic Analysis of Vertical Geometric Irregular Building Considering Soil–Structure Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Computational Model 2.1 Modelling of Superstructure 2.2 Modelling of Foundation 2.3 Selection and Application of Ground Motion Records 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation 3.2 Probabilistic Seismic Demand Model (PSDM) Analysis 3.3 Fragility Curves 4 Conclusions References Micropiles—An Innovative and Economical Solution for Retrofitting of Bridge Foundation 1 Introduction 1.1 Installation of Micropile 1.2 Research Work Done 2 Numerical Analysis 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Establishing Seismic Site Class for 4 Recording Stations in Uttarakhand Based on Generalized Inversion and 1-D Equivalent Linear Site-Specific Response Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Dataset and Processing 3.1 GNIV Technique 3.2 Input Parameters Used in ELGRA Methodology 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Seismic Site Characterization Using MASW of Sites Along Srinagar Metro Rail Alignment, Jammu and Kashmir 1 Introduction 1.1 MASW 1.2 Study Area 1.3 Srinagar and Jammu Metro Rail Project 2 Data Acquisition and Analysis 2.1 Data Acquisition and Field Testing 2.2 Data Processing and Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 SPT Data 3.2 1D Shear Wave Velocity Profiles 3.3 Site Characterization from N30 and VS30 4 Conclusions References Study of Local Site Effects on Earthquake Early Warning 1 Introduction 2 Data Analysis 3 Methodology 3.1 τc Method 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Variation of τc in Bedrock Motion 4.2 Variation of τc in Surface Motion 4.3 τc on the Different Type of Sites Based on the Average Velocity of the Shear Wave 5 Conclusions References Ground Response Analysis: Comparison of 1D, 2D and 3D Approach 1 Introduction 2 Description of Soil Profiles 3 Finite Element Modelling 4 Seismic Input Motion 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Simultaneous Estimation of Dynamic Active and Passive Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls 1 Introduction 2 Definition of the Problems 3 Analysis 3.1 Seismic Active Earth Pressure Condition 3.2 Seismic Passive Earth Pressure Condition 4 Result and Discussion 5 Comparison of the Results 5.1 Seismic Active Earth Pressure Condition 5.2 Seismic Passive Earth Pressure Condition: 6 Conclusions References Dynamic Analysis of Beams on Vlasov Foundation 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Formulation 3 Finite Element Formulation 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Earthquake Response of 3D Asymmetric Building with Infill Wall Under Soil-Structure Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Theory and Analytical Steps 3 Characterization and Simulation of Earthquake Data 4 Geometric modelling 5 Finite Element Meshing 6 Material Properties 7 Validation 8 Result and Discussion 8.1 Base Shear 8.2 Torsional Base Shear 9 Conclusions References Small Strain Stiffness of Cemented Sand 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Materials 3.1 Specimen Preparation for Bender Element Testing 4 Test Program 4.1 Setup and Connections 4.2 Testing Procedure 5 Results and Discussion 6 Damping Ratio of Tested Dry Sand 7 Conclusions References Prediction of Liquefaction Triggering in Crude-Oil-Contaminated Sand Using UBC3D-PLM Model in PLAXIS 2D 1 Introduction 2 UBC3D-PLM Model 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Basic Properties of Soil Samples and Crude Oil 3.2 Sample Preparation 3.3 Consolidated Drained Triaxial Test 4 Numerical Modeling 4.1 Modeling Soil and Earthquake Motion 4.2 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Effect of Subsoil on the Seismic Response of the Setback Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Scaling of the Building and Soil 2.1 Scaling of Soil 2.2 Scaling of Pile 3 Experimental Study Using Shake Table 4 Conclusion Reference Pushover Analysis of Pile-Supported Wharf Structure in Visakhapatnam (India) 1 Introduction 2 Site Information 3 Wharf Layout and Pushover Analysis 3.1 Analysis Methods 3.2 Geotechnical Considerations 4 Conclusions References Cyclic Triaxial Test to Measure Strain-Dependent Dynamic Properties—A Comprehensive Study 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review on Cyclic Behavior of Soils 2.1 Sample Preparation and Test Procedure 2.2 Comparison with Past Test Results 3 Conclusions References Studies on the Effect of Fines Content on Liquefaction Resistance Using Shake Table Tests 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigation 2.1 Materials 3 Analysis of Results 3.1 Excess Pore Water Pressure Variation with Time at Different Locations 3.2 Effect of Fines Content on Excess Pore Water Pressure Generation and Excess Pore Water Pressure Ratio (EPWPR) 3.3 Effect of Fines Content on Permeability of Sand 4 Conclusions References Dynamic Properties and PWP Model Parameters of Sandy Soil for Ground Response Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Material 2.2 Sample Preparation and Testing Procedures 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Comparison of BS Results with Other Indian Sandy Soil Data 3.2 Liquefaction Analysis Based on Cyclic Triaxial Tests 3.3 Determination of PWP Model Parameters 4 Conclusions References Dynamic Properties of Fly Ash–Sand Mixtures 1 Introduction 2 Test Procedures 2.1 Preparation of Samples 2.2 Resonant Column Test 3 Test Results and Discussion 3.1 Variation of Shear Modulus with Shear Strain 3.2 Variation of Maximum Shear Wave Velocity and Maximum Shear Modulus with Shear Strain 3.3 Variation of Damping Ratio and Modulus Degradation (G/Gmax) with Shear Strain 3.4 Comparison of Experimental Data with Other Studies 4 Conclusions References Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis of Kolkata Soil 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 For Normal Kolkata Deposit 3.2 For River Channel Deposit 4 Conclusions References Design of Traditional Goan Saraswat Bunds 1 Introduction 1.1 Traditional Goan Saraswat Bunds 1.2 Development of Embankment Design 1.3 Development of TGSB Design 2 Classification of Embankments 2.1 Homogeneous Embankments 2.2 Zoned Embankments 2.3 Diaphragm Embankments 2.4 Tgsb 3 Design Data 4 General Construction Methods for TGSB 5 Embankment Details for TGSB 5.1 Crest Width 5.2 Bottom Width 5.3 Drainage 5.4 Camber 5.5 Surfacing and Vegetation 5.6 Overflow Protection 5.7 Freeboard 5.8 Slope Protection 5.9 Abutments 5.10 Typical Maximum Sections 5.11 Foundation 6 Embankment Analysis for TGSB 7 Validation of Traditional Design 7.1 Slope Stability for Plain Embankments of Various Heights 7.2 Slope Stability for Water Retaining Embankments 7.3 Seismic Slope Stability 8 Conclusions References Earth Pressures Under Rotational Movement Mode for Red Soil Backfill Partially Replaced with Building Derived Materials 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Assessing the Risk of Internal Erosion in Embankments and Foundations 1 Introduction 2 Theory 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Material Used 3.2 Experimental Procedure 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Effect of Percentage Fine Fraction on I Value 4.2 Effect of Percentage Fine Fraction on Critical Shear Stress 4.3 Characterization of Erosional Behavior of Soil on the Basis of Plasticity Index 5 Conclusions References Effect of Backfill Sand Density on Dynamic Response of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls 1 Introduction 2 Shake Table Test 2.1 Seismic Box and Sand Raining 2.2 Model Configurations and Testing Materials 2.3 Instrumentation 2.4 Base Input Motions 3 Results 3.1 Acceleration Response 3.2 Displacement Response 4 Conclusions References Failure Analysis of Homogeneous Earthen Dam 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 Numerical Modelling 4 Failure Analysis of Dam 4.1 Probable Causes of Leakage 4.2 Effect of Excavation on Stability 5 Remedial Measures 5.1 Measures for Stability of Failed Section 5.2 Measures for Stability of Existing Section 5.3 Measures for Reducing Leakage 6 Conclusions References Stress–Displacement Behavior of PVC Cell Gabion Wall with Geogrid Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Studies 2.1 Materials Used in the Study 3 Methodology 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 PVC Wall Construction 3.3 Test Procedure 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Seismic Earth Pressure Coefficients for Vertical Wall Using Force–Displacement Curves 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 2 Finite Element Modeling 3 Computation of Earth Pressure Coefficients 4 Comparison with a Past Study 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Retrofitting of Existing Earthen Fly Ash Dam by Finger Drains and Gabion Wall 1 Introduction 2 Background of Dam Construction and Problem Definition 3 Space Constraint and Retrofitting Challenges 4 Topographical Survey and Geotechnical Investigations 5 Engineering Analysis for Pre- and Post-retrofitting 6 Retrofitting Scheme 7 Conclusion Bibliography Behavior of Strip Footing Resting on Sand Reinforced with Waste Tire Strips 1 Introduction 2 Testing Program and Descriptions 3 Test Results and Analysis 3.1 Length of Reinforcement 3.2 Depth of Reinforcement 3.3 Density of Soil 3.4 Numerical Modeling 4 Conclusion References Seismic Stability of Retaining Wall with and Without Geogrid Inclusions in the Back Fill 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives of the Study 1.2 Model Description 1.3 Properties of the Backfill Material 2 Methodology 3 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Strengthening of Reservoir Embankments 1 Introduction 1.1 Raw Water Reservoir 1.2 Embankment 1.3 Homogenous Embankment Dam 1.4 Large Dam 1.5 Small Dam 1.6 Basic Design Requirements 2 Case Study 2.1 Location 2.2 Details of Reservoirs 3 Analysis 3.1 Stability Analysis 3.2 Seepage Analysis 3.3 Freeboard Analysis 4 Root Cause Analysis 4.1 General 4.2 Causes of Failure 4.3 Analysis of Rectified Embankments 5 Reservoir Strengthening Measures 6 Conclusions References Study of Narrow-Reinforced Earth Wall—A Review 1 Introduction 2 Significance of the Study 3 Literature Review 3.1 Arching Theory 3.2 Physical Modeling Studies on Narrow RE Wall 3.3 Field-Scale Tests on Narrow RE Wall 3.4 Numerical Modeling Studies on Narrow RE Wall 4 Concluding Remarks References Numerical Model Study of Two-Tiered Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall Subjected to Dynamic Excitation 1 Introduction 2 Development of Reinforced Soil Wall Model in PLAXIS 2D 2.1 Target Model 2.2 Numerical Model in PLAXIS 2D 2.3 Validation Analyses 3 Numerical Modeling of Two-Tiered Reinforced Soil Walls 3.1 Comparison of Results 4 Conclusions References